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Critical minerals: what the world needs, Canada has in the ground

Canada ranks first in potash, second in uranium and fourth in nickel, and is now backing its 34-mineral list with sovereign capital and allied offtake deals.

Every industrial economy now keeps a list of the minerals it cannot do without. Canada’s list, updated in June 2024, runs to 34 entries after high-purity iron, phosphorus and silicon metal were added. What sets Canada apart is not the length of the list but how much of it is already being mined, processed and shipped to allies.

Start with the numbers that matter to a buyer. Natural Resources Canada’s 2024 figures rank Canada first in the world for potash, second for uranium, fourth for primary aluminum and among the top five producers of nickel, cobalt, niobium, palladium, platinum and titanium concentrate. The sector produced $64.3 billion of minerals at almost 200 mines, exported $153.0 billion of mineral products and supported 724,000 direct and indirect jobs.

Potash is the clearest case of scale. Canada produced about 25 million tonnes in 2024, 32.8 percent of world output, shipped 22.9 million tonnes abroad for more than 39 percent of global exports, and holds the largest reserves anywhere at 1.1 billion tonnes of potassium oxide equivalent. In uranium, Saskatchewan’s high-grade deposits delivered 14.3 kilotonnes in 2024, 24 percent of world production, second only to Kazakhstan, with about 90 percent of it exported. Nickel output of 125,364 tonnes placed Canada fourth globally in a market where Indonesia alone supplies about 61 percent.

Where the gaps are, and what is closing them

Canada is honest about its weaker positions, and the official fact sheets show them. Graphite production of roughly 12,000 tonnes in 2024 ranked eighth in the world, against China’s 79.4 percent share, from a single operating mine at Lac des Iles in Quebec. Lithium output of 5,983 tonnes ranked seventh, although reserves of 1.34 million tonnes of lithium content rank sixth, and Rio Tinto and the Quebec government are planning a Whabouchi restart with a lithium hydroxide refinery tied to a Ford supply agreement. Rare earths remain a resource story rather than a production story: Canada holds an estimated 15.2 million tonnes of rare earth oxide in reserves and resources, with advanced projects at Nechalacho, Wicheeda and Strange Lake, while China still accounts for 69 percent of mined and 90 percent of refined output.

That is precisely where policy has concentrated. The government’s February 27, 2026 progress update counts, as of March 2025, 56 active critical-mineral mines, 31 processing facilities and 171 advanced projects, of which 28 are processing plants. Exploration spending reached $2.1 billion in 2024, more than half of all mineral exploration in the country, and production rose more than 10 percent between 2020 and 2024 for nine listed minerals, including graphite, lithium and uranium. The pipeline for 2024 to 2034 holds about 140 planned or proposed mining projects worth $117.1 billion, of which roughly $72.4 billion is critical-mineral extraction and processing.

The money behind the pipeline is now on the table. On March 3, 2026, Ottawa set out more than $3.6 billion in new programs: a $1.5 billion First and Last Mile Fund for roads, power and rail to mines, a $2 billion Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund for equity, loan guarantees and supply agreements, and $165.2 million of acceleration funding across 22 projects that unlocked a further $434 million in private capital. The sovereign fund has since been operationalized as the Canada Critical Minerals Accelerator, delivered through Export Development Canada, and its first deal on July 7, 2026 put up to $400 million of Canada Growth Fund capital, within a package of up to $850 million, behind Teck’s Trail smelter to double germanium and antimony capacity and add gallium, with the government taking rights to a share of future output.

Allies are signing, not just talking

Canada used its 2025 G7 presidency to launch the G7 Critical Minerals Action Plan at Kananaskis, built around standards-based markets, capital mobilization and joint innovation. The follow-through came on October 31, 2025, when the government announced 26 investments and partnerships with nine allied countries that it said would unlock $6.4 billion of projects, alongside a new Critical Minerals Production Alliance. The named deals read like an allied supply chain: Panasonic and Traxys on Nouveau Monde Graphite’s Matawinie project, a German export-credit guarantee of up to US$300 million for Vianode’s synthetic graphite plant in Ontario with an offtake to GM, and Ucore’s rare-earth separation plant in Kingston working with Germany’s Vacuumschmelze and Australian suppliers.

Those commitments have converted into financings in 2026. Nouveau Monde Graphite closed a US$309.5-million equity package on May 15, 2026, with the Canada Growth Fund, Investissement Québec and Italy’s ENI anchoring the placement, on top of US$335 million of committed senior project debt, and confirmed its final investment decision for the Matawinie mine. In Tokyo in late June, a Canadian mission of about 300 delegates from nearly 180 companies signed more than $1 billion of commercial agreements with Japanese partners, and the two governments began evaluating joint stockpiling of graphite and gallium. By April 2026, The Hub counted more than 30 agreements and $12.1 billion in project capital unlocked, while warning that Washington’s US$12 billion Project Vault reserve shows the competition for the same assets is real.

Demand is not a forecast anymore. Allied governments are paying for offtake, guarantees and stockpiles, and the country with the reserves, the listed companies, the processing capacity and the sovereign co-investor is Canada. For an investor weighing where the next decade of supply will come from, the question is less whether Canada has the minerals than how early to get in.

Sources

  1. Government of Canada Releases Updated Critical Minerals List
  2. Canada's Critical Minerals Strategy: Progress update (February 27, 2026)
  3. Minerals and the economy – Natural Resources Canada
  4. Potash facts – Natural Resources Canada
  5. Uranium and nuclear power facts – Natural Resources Canada
  6. Nickel facts – Natural Resources Canada
  7. Graphite facts – Natural Resources Canada
  8. Lithium facts – Natural Resources Canada
  9. Rare earth elements facts – Natural Resources Canada
  10. G7 Critical Minerals Action Plan – Prime Minister of Canada
  11. Canada unlocks 26 new investments and partnerships with 9 allied countries
  12. Government of Canada invests to unlock Canada's critical minerals advantage (March 3, 2026)
  13. NMG Completes US$309.5 Million Financing and Confirms Matawinie FID
  14. Canada announces first agreement under new Canada Critical Minerals Accelerator
  15. Canada and Japan Exploring Critical Minerals Stockpile – Mining Digital
  16. Canada signs over 20 critical mineral deals but faces $12-billion U.S. challenge – The Hub