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Topic guide · For people outside Canada

Set Up a Canadian Subsidiary or Branch

Set up a company or branchCross-border and sales taxContracts and disputes

Last reviewed 2026-10-20

First edition, partly verified. Every rule here links to the source we opened, and what we could not confirm is listed in the “not verified” section near the end. An independent legal and tax review is still to come: treat this as a research starting point.

This guide walks through the set-up steps once you have decided to establish a Canadian presence. The comparison of structures, the corporate tax rates and the sales-tax basics are in Working with Canadian Companies; they are not repeated here. Related guides: Hire a Canadian employee from abroad, GST/HST for foreign businesses selling in Canada and Doing business in Quebec: French-language rules.

1. Subsidiary or branch

A subsidiary is a separate Canadian company that you own; a branch is your foreign company carrying on business in Canada, registered where it operates. The branch keeps liability with the parent, the subsidiary ring-fences it. Working with Canadian Companies has the comparison table. A branch of a foreign corporation also files Canadian tax returns as a non-resident carrying on business; for an income-tax filing duty, the low threshold for "carrying on business" is discussed by Andersen, a law-firm article. Branch profits tax was not verified here.

2. Federal or provincial incorporation

You can incorporate under the federal Canada Business Corporations Act (CBCA) or under a provincial statute. Either way, a corporation that operates in other provinces generally needs to register there as an extra-provincial (foreign) corporation.

Resident-director rules as of today

Statute Rule Source
CBCA At least 25% of directors must be resident Canadians; if fewer than four directors, at least one. A majority is required in prescribed business sectors or where ownership or control requirements apply CBCA s. 105
Ontario (OBCA) No resident-Canadian director requirement since July 5, 2021 Torkin Manes (law-firm summary)
Other provinces Not verified. Rules differ by statute

The Justice Laws page for CBCA s. 105 showed the 25% rule with the last amendment dated 2018 and the Act as a whole last amended on 2026-03-26; the page did not say whether that later change touched s. 105. Have counsel confirm before incorporating. If you want an all-foreign board, the Ontario statute is the only one with a documented exemption in the sources opened; ask counsel what other options exist.

3. Investment Canada Act

Under the Investment Canada Act, a non-Canadian must file a notification each time it starts a new business activity in Canada or acquires control of a Canadian business that is not reviewable. The notification is due no later than 30 days after implementation (ISED FAQ). A national security review order can be issued for up to five years after implementation (same page). A voluntary notification triggers the same statutory deadlines.

Review (net benefit) thresholds apply to acquisitions of control of an existing business, not to starting a new one. For 2026 (ISED, page modified 2026-09-23):

Investor type 2026 threshold Measure
WTO private-sector investor $1.452 billion Enterprise value
Trade-agreement private-sector investor $2.179 billion Enterprise value
WTO state-owned enterprise $578 million Asset value
Cultural business (non-WTO investors and all non-Canadians) $5 million direct; $50 million indirect Asset value

Starting a greenfield subsidiary is normally a notification, not a review. Special rules for sensitive sectors were not examined.

4. Registrations after incorporation

  1. Business number (BN). The CRA offers two routes: one for Canadian residents with a valid SIN, and a separate route for a non-resident doing business in Canada, which applies where the business is incorporated or located outside Canada (CRA). The CRA lists program accounts for corporate income tax (RC), GST/HST (RT), payroll (RP) and import-export (RM). Open only what you need.
  2. GST/HST. A non-resident with no permanent establishment that applies to register must provide a security deposit, initially 50% of estimated net tax for 12 months, from $5,000 up to $1 million, with an exception at or below $100,000 of annual taxable supplies and a small net tax (CRA RC4027). A subsidiary resident in Canada is a different case; ask your accountant.
  3. Payroll. Register before the first remittance date; see Hire a Canadian employee from abroad and CRA.
  4. Extra-provincial registration. The rules differ by province. Only Quebec was opened for this guide (section 6).
  5. Registered office and records office. Incorporation statutes set rules for the registered office and the records kept there. Those provisions were not opened, so confirm the address requirements with counsel.
  6. Bank account. Banks' documentation requirements, and how non-resident ownership affects them, were not verified. Ask the bank what it needs before you incorporate.

5. Beneficial-ownership registers

Under the CBCA, a non-public corporation must keep a register of individuals with significant control (ISCs). An ISC is a person who owns, controls or directs 25% or more of the voting shares or of the shares by fair market value, or has control in fact. The register must record the person's name, date of birth, citizenship and tax residence countries and residential address (or an address for service). Corporations Canada requires filing with the annual return and within 15 days of any change. Some ISC information is made public, but residential addresses can be replaced by an address for service (ISED). The offence and fine rules are in Working with Canadian Companies. Provincial registers (Ontario, Quebec and others) were not verified here; they have their own deadlines.

6. Quebec: the REQ and the foreign-company rules

Any legal person not constituted in Quebec that carries on an activity there must file a declaration of registration with the Registraire des entreprises within 60 days of starting activities. An enterprise with no Quebec address or establishment must also declare a mandatary in the register. The online form and fee schedule are in French only, and the foreign enterprise's information must match what is published in its home register (Québec.ca). Fee amounts were not listed in the English page.

Quebec companies also need Revenu Québec accounts for QST and source deductions (Revenu Québec), and the Charter of the French Language applies to names, signage, contracts and the workplace; see Doing business in Quebec: French-language rules. Quebec's ultimate-beneficiary declaration to the register could not be opened and is not described here.

7. Thin capitalization and transfer pricing

Thin capitalization. Interest paid to specified non-resident shareholders is not deductible in the proportion that the monthly peak of debt to them exceeds 1.5 times the equity amount. A specified non-resident shareholder owns shares with 25% or more of the votes or fair market value. For a resident corporation, equity is generally retained earnings at the start of the year plus certain contributed surplus and paid-up capital (Income Tax Act s. 18). Practical effect: funding a subsidiary only with parent loans can cost deductions.

Transfer pricing. Where a Canadian taxpayer and a non-arm's-length non-resident transact on terms different from arm's length, amounts can be adjusted to arm's-length amounts. A taxpayer is deemed not to have made reasonable efforts unless it makes or obtains contemporaneous records by the documentation due date, and must give them to the CRA within 30 days of a written request. The penalty is 10% of the relevant amount, up to the lesser of 10% of gross revenue and $10,000,000 as the base (Income Tax Act s. 247). Parent-to-subsidiary management fees, royalties, loans and cost sharing all need an intercompany agreement. Withholding on those payments is in Working with Canadian Companies.

8. Checklist

  • Decide subsidiary or branch with a Canadian lawyer and your home-country tax adviser
  • Choose CBCA or provincial incorporation and confirm the resident-director rule
  • Reserve a name and check the Quebec French-language naming rules if Quebec is in scope
  • Determine whether an Investment Canada Act notification applies and diarize 30 days
  • Obtain the business number and only the CRA program accounts you need
  • Register in each other province, and with the Registraire des entreprises in Quebec within 60 days
  • Set the registered office and keep the minute book and share register
  • Prepare the ISC register and the Corporations Canada filing
  • Open the bank account with the incorporation and ownership documents
  • Plan funding: equity versus debt against the 1.5:1 test
  • Put intercompany agreements in place and begin transfer-pricing documentation
  • Set payroll and sales-tax registrations before the first employee or sale

9. What to ask a lawyer or accountant

  • Which statute and province give us the best fit for directors, filing and name protection?
  • Does the resident-director rule apply, and what are our compliant options?
  • Do we owe an Investment Canada Act notification, and are any national-security triggers relevant?
  • What are the registered-office, extra-provincial and Quebec registrations for our footprint?
  • How should we fund the subsidiary to stay within the thin capitalization rules?
  • What intercompany pricing and documentation does the CRA expect for our fees and loans?
  • How does a branch compare with a subsidiary for our home-country tax, including branch tax?

10. What this guide did not verify

  • Resident-director rules outside the CBCA and Ontario, and whether anything after 2018 changed CBCA s. 105.
  • Branch profits tax, and branch filing detail.
  • Registered-office rules, incorporation fees, name-search requirements and processing times.
  • Bank account opening requirements.
  • Extra-provincial registration outside Quebec, and Quebec registration fees.
  • Provincial and Quebec beneficial-ownership registers.
  • Transfer-pricing guidance beyond the statute (for example, CRA circulars and country-by-country reporting).
  • Sector rules in the Investment Canada Act, and the national security guidelines.

11. Sources opened

Research, not advice. Rules change and depend on your facts: confirm with a qualified Canadian professional before you act. Items we could not verify are labelled in the text.

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