Last reviewed 2026-10-20
First edition, partly verified. Every rule here links to the source we opened, and what we could not confirm is listed in the “not verified” section near the end. An independent legal and tax review is still to come: treat this as a research starting point.
This is a first edition. Every figure and rule below comes from a page we opened on 2026-10-20 and links to it. Where we could not open a primary source, the point is listed in section 14 as not verified instead of being filled in from memory. Trade measures between Canada and China have changed several times since 2024, so check the current position before you quote, ship or sign.
1. At a glance
| Item | What we found | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade, 2024 | Two-way goods trade of C$118.7 billion (down 1.1% from 2023); Canadian exports to China C$29.9 billion, 3.8% of Canada's merchandise exports | Global Affairs Canada |
| Services trade, 2024 | Two-way services trade of C$12.0 billion (up 11.2% from 2023) | Global Affairs Canada |
| Goods trade, 2025 | Total C$124.09 billion (up 4.9%); exports to China C$33.48 billion (up 13.8%); imports from China C$90.62 billion (up 1.9%). The report cites Statistics Canada tables 12-10-0175-01 and 12-10-0178-01 (customs basis). The gap of about C$57.1 billion is our arithmetic on those two figures. | Canada China Business Council annual trade report 2025 |
| Investment agreement | Canada-China Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPA), in force 1 October 2014 | Global Affairs Canada briefing note, 2020-06-03 |
| Tax treaty | Canada-China double taxation agreement, signed at Beijing on 12 May 1986 (does not apply to Hong Kong) | Department of Finance Canada; PwC Canada withholding table |
| Arbitration treaty | Both countries are parties to the New York Convention (Canada acceded 12 May 1986; China 22 Jan 1987) | New York Convention country list |
| Currency | Renminbi (CNY) | PwC China tax summaries |
| Time zone | Official notices use Beijing Time | Chinese Consulate General in Toronto notice |
| Languages | Not verified. The export-licence platform of China's Ministry of Commerce is available only in Chinese. | Trade Commissioner Service |
| Canadian trade offices | Trade Commissioner Service in Beijing (embassy), Chongqing, Guangzhou and Shanghai (consulates general) | Trade Commissioner Service |
The Trade Commissioner Service (TCS) offices cover these regions: Beijing covers Beijing, Tianjin and much of the north and northeast, plus Xinjiang and Xizang; Chongqing covers Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan; Guangzhou covers Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hainan, Hunan and Jiangxi; Shanghai covers Shanghai, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubei. All four share the address infocentrechina@international.gc.ca (TCS).
2. Where Canadians win in this market
The 2025 trade figures show where the volume is. Statistics Canada data, as reported by the Canada China Business Council (CCBC report):
| Export group, 2025 | Value | Change on 2024 | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | C$9.50 billion | up 77.8% | Mainly crude oil and bitumen (C$6.29 billion) |
| Metal ores and non-metallic minerals | C$7.91 billion | up 42.5% | Copper ores C$3.47 billion; iron ores C$2.96 billion |
| Farm, fishing and intermediate food products | C$5.87 billion | down 33.2% | Canola down 63.4% to C$1.48 billion |
The largest lines are commodities. For other Canadian companies, the TCS lists these as its priority sectors in China: consumer goods, agriculture and agri-food, clean technology, infrastructure and life sciences (TCS). It also publishes market material on energy, on registering or filing Canadian cosmetic products, and on AI marketing (TCS market page).
Services are a smaller, faster-growing line: C$12.0 billion two-way in 2024, up 11.2% (Global Affairs Canada). We did not find a breakdown of which Canadian service sectors sell into China, so we do not claim one.
Two cautions from the same sources. First, exposure to a single product can swing sharply: canola fell 63.4% in 2025 after Chinese tariffs. Second, the TCS describes the market as "highly competitive" with major regulatory and political risks (TCS). If China is one of several markets you are weighing, see diversify beyond the US and find buyers, trade shows and trade missions.
3. Selling services vs goods, and whether you need a local entity
Options in outline
| Route | What it is | What we verified |
|---|---|---|
| Sell from Canada, no presence | Contract signed with a Chinese buyer; you ship goods or deliver services remotely | Tax and customs rules in sections 4 and 6 apply. A service-based permanent establishment can arise after more than six months (below). |
| Distributor or agent | A Chinese company buys and resells, or sells on commission | TCS advises checking a partner's registration, who can bind the company, ownership of claimed IP and court records (TCS due diligence). Distribution law and agent liability: not verified. |
| Cross-border e-commerce | Sell through platforms. The TCS names Tmall Global and JD Worldwide, and lists Douyin under cross-border platforms. | TCS e-commerce page. Rules, tariffs and tax treatment are not detailed in what we could read. |
| Locally incorporated company (commonly called a WFOE) | A company you own in China | Foreign-invested enterprises set up from 1 January 2020 follow the PRC Company Law; the Foreign Investment Law replaced the old WFOE and joint-venture laws (K&L Gates). Procedures and costs: not verified. |
| Joint venture | Shared ownership with a Chinese partner | Some sectors on the negative list require joint ventures or shareholding caps (TCS). |
| Representative office | A non-trading presence | Not verified. We could not open an authoritative source on current rules. |
Foreign investment rules
China's Foreign Investment Law took effect on 1 January 2020 and aims to give foreign investors no less favourable market access than domestic investors, subject to a negative list (K&L Gates). The 2024 edition of the negative list was issued on 6 September 2024 by the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Commerce, took effect on 1 November 2024, and removes all restrictions on foreign investment in manufacturing (Shanghai government portal). We did not check whether a newer edition has been issued. Listed sectors can be closed to foreign investors, for example TV and film production, or restricted, for example through joint-venture requirements (TCS).
Permanent establishment
Under the Canada-China tax treaty, a construction, assembly or installation project creates a permanent establishment only if it lasts more than six months (Art. 5(3)(a)). Services, including consultancy, provided through employees or other personnel create one if they continue for the same or a connected project for periods aggregating more than six months within any twelve-month period (Art. 5(3)(b)) (treaty text). Track days that your staff spend in China per project. Whether a distributor or agent could create a permanent establishment for you was not verified.
For software and other digital services, also read sell software and digital services across borders.
4. Tax
Chinese withholding tax on payments to a Canadian company
| Payment from China to a Canadian company | Default rate | Canada-China treaty rate | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dividends | 10% | 10% if the beneficial owner is a company holding at least 10% of the voting stock; 15% otherwise | PwC China; treaty Art. 10 |
| Interest | 10% | 10% | same |
| Royalties | 10% | 10% | same |
Rates are as of the PwC review date of 22 July 2026 (treaty rates as of 30 June 2026). The treaty defines royalties as payments for the use of, or the right to use, copyright, patents, know-how, trademarks, designs or models, plans, secret formulas or processes, industrial, commercial or scientific equipment, and information on industrial, commercial or scientific experience (Art. 12(3)). The text we read does not mention technical service fees, so whether a given fee is a royalty depends on its facts and needs professional review (treaty text).
A non-resident with no establishment in China is taxed on China-source income only. With an establishment or place in China, tax applies to income attributable to it. The standard corporate income tax rate is 25% (PwC China). We did not verify the administrative steps (filings, treaty-benefit paperwork) a Canadian payee must complete.
Chinese VAT
China's VAT Law and its Implementation Regulations took effect on 1 January 2026. The Regulations treat services and intangibles as taxable in China when "consumed in China", including services an overseas seller supplies to a domestic buyer (other than services consumed on site overseas) and overseas-sold services directly related to goods, immovable property or natural resources in China. Listed services such as R&D, software and offshore outsourcing can be zero-rated when sold to overseas entities and fully consumed overseas (KPMG China tax alert, January 2026). An overseas seller that makes VAT-taxable supplies in China must have the buyer act as withholding agent, or appoint a domestic agent to file and pay (Garrigues). In practice, ask your Chinese customer whether it will withhold VAT, and who bears it under the contract.
Rates: the PwC summary lists 13% (most goods), 9% and 6% (including sales of intangible property other than land-use rights), and 0% for exported goods and listed exported services, with a last-reviewed date of 22 July 2026. It describes rates in force "from 1 April 2019", which predates the VAT Law, so confirm the current rate for your product or service (PwC China). Import VAT on goods and any duty are the importer's side; see section 6.
Canadian side
- Foreign tax credit. A Canadian-resident corporation can deduct foreign non-business-income tax under s. 126(1) of the Income Tax Act and foreign business-income tax under s. 126(2), subject to limits tied to Canadian tax on foreign-source income. Unused business-income tax credits can be carried to other years under s. 126(2) (Income Tax Act s. 126). The mechanics and the form to use were not verified.
- GST/HST on exported goods. Taxable supplies of goods are zero-rated when the buyer exports them (Excise Tax Act, Sch. VI, Part V, s. 1) under conditions that include export soon after delivery, no use in Canada and no processing, and you keep evidence of export. Under s. 12 you can zero-rate if you ship the goods outside Canada yourself by common carrier, mail or courier (CRA GST/HST Memorandum 4.5.2).
- GST/HST on services to a non-resident. Section 7 of Part V of Schedule VI zero-rates services supplied to a non-resident unless one of the exclusions applies. The exclusions include services to an individual who is in Canada, advisory, consulting or professional services, and services about real or tangible property in Canada. Other provisions can still zero-rate an excluded service (for example, professional services under s. 23). Each has its own conditions (CRA GST/HST Memorandum 4.5.3, December 2023).
See also export goods from Canada.
5. Legal and contracts
Foreign judgments and arbitral awards
- Awards. Canada and China are both parties to the New York Convention. China applies it only on the basis of reciprocity and only to disputes that are commercial under its law. Canada applies it to commercial relationships under Canadian law, a limit that does not apply in Quebec (New York Convention country list).
- Court judgments. We found no Canada-China treaty on court judgments. A 2022 China Justice Observer article says Canadian judgments fall under China's reciprocity route, and that recognition of a Canadian judgment in China "remains to be seen" (China Justice Observer). That is a 2022 view; we did not find a newer authority. Because of this uncertainty, ask a lawyer whether an arbitration clause (and which institution, seat and language) suits your contract better than a court clause.
- Governing law, arbitration institutions, contract language. We did not open an authoritative source on these. See section 14 and the lawyer questions in section 13.
Intellectual property
- Register in China. The TCS says Canadian registrations do not give rights in China, and that China uses first-to-file for trademarks, so early registration is critical (TCS IP protection).
- Where to file. Trademarks go to the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) directly or through the Madrid System; patents directly or through the Patent Cooperation Treaty. For patents, the 12-month window after first filing is the period to file in China before novelty is lost. Copyright arises on creation, and registration with the Copyright Protection Center of China gives formal evidence of ownership (TCS).
- Trade secrets cannot be registered. The TCS suggests limiting access, using non-disclosure agreements and putting clear IP clauses in partner, distributor, licensee and employee agreements (same page). Foreign companies report bad-faith trademark registration and counterfeiting, and enforcement can be slow and costly (same page).
More: protect your IP in Canada and abroad.
Data and cybersecurity
Key laws: the Cybersecurity Law (in effect 1 July 2017, last amended October 2025), the Data Security Law (1 September 2021) and the Personal Information Protection Law (1 November 2021). Cross-border personal-information transfer mechanisms include the security assessment (from 1 September 2022), the standard contract (from 1 June 2023), the facilitation provisions of 22 March 2024 and certification measures (from 1 January 2026) (Baker McKenzie data handbook). Per the TCS, exemptions exist for some data, such as employee HR data and non-sensitive personal information of up to 100,000 individuals per year from non-critical-infrastructure operators, while a standard contract must be filed with the provincial cyberspace office within ten business days (TCS cybersecurity page). If you hold personal data about people in China, this affects where you store it and how you move it to Canada. For Canadian rules, see privacy and data rules for Canada.
6. Customs, tariffs and standards
Trade measures reported as in force (reported as of 2026-10-20; confirm before relying)
We could not open Canada's or China's official customs notices for every measure, so the list below shows which source supports each item.
| Measure | What the source says | Source |
|---|---|---|
| China: canola meal and peas | China suspended its 100% tariffs from 1 March 2026 to the end of 2026 | RTHK, 27 Feb 2026, citing China's Finance Ministry |
| China: lobster and crab | China halted its 25% tariff on lobster and crab from 1 March 2026 to the end of 2026 | same |
| China: canola seed | The CCBC report says the combined rate was lowered to 15% from 1 March 2026. The RTHK report of 27 February 2026 did not mention canola seed, so we could not confirm this against a Chinese official notice. | CCBC report |
| China: canola oil and pork | The CCBC report lists a 100% tariff on canola oil and 25% on pork and seafood from 20 March 2025; whether they are still in force was not confirmed | same |
| Canada: Chinese electric vehicles | A 49,000-vehicle annual quota at 6.1% tariff, with the 100% surtax not applying within the quota, per China's Ministry of Commerce on 22 January 2026 | MOFCOM |
| Canada: steel and aluminum | The CCBC report lists 25% surtaxes (22 October 2024, and a second 25% from 31 July 2025) | CCBC report |
These measures are mostly commodity, vehicle and metals measures. Whether your product faces a Chinese import tariff, and at what rate, depends on its tariff classification, which we did not look up. A customs broker or a Chinese importer of record can give you the rate for your code.
Certification and standards
- China Compulsory Certification (CCC). A compulsory scheme administered by the Certification and Accreditation Administration of China (CNCA) for products that may affect safety, health, environmental protection or regulatory control. The process: application, type testing by a CNCA-designated lab in China, initial factory inspection, evaluation, and regular follow-up inspections. The certificate is valid for five years, renewal can be applied for 90 days before expiry, and the service standard is three months but can run longer. The TCS can do a preliminary check of whether your product is likely covered (TCS).
- Cosmetics. The TCS has a practical guide to registering or filing Canadian cosmetic products (TCS).
- Food, medical products, other regulated goods. Not verified. Confirm with the TCS and a Chinese regulatory adviser whether your product needs a registration or licence.
- Customs recordal of IP. Registration with China Customs can help stop counterfeit goods (TCS).
For the Canadian export steps, see export goods from Canada.
7. Getting paid
The sources we opened say little on payments. What we can state: - Foreign investors must "still fully comply with tax and foreign exchange regulations" when moving capital contributions or profits out of China (TCS foreign investment law page). - The TCS e-commerce page lists receipt of cross-border e-commerce payments as a topic of its guidebook. The detail is not public on the page; the TCS directs readers to its trade commissioner (TCS). - Where the buyer must withhold VAT or income tax, the amount you receive can be less than the invoice (section 4). Write who bears Chinese taxes into the contract.
Not verified: renminbi controls and the role of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), which documents a Chinese buyer needs to pay a foreign supplier, local payment channels, and exchange-rate practice. Ask your bank and your Chinese counterparty's bank what they need before shipping. See get paid from abroad: FX and payments and insurance, credit and payment risk for exporters.
8. People and visas
Short business trips from Canada
- Canadian citizens with ordinary passports can enter China without a visa for business, tourism, family visits and transit, for up to 30 days, from 17 February 2026 to 31 December 2026 (Beijing Time). Others must get a visa first (Chinese Consulate General in Toronto).
- A visa is still needed to take up paid employment, for long-term study, or to stay beyond 30 days (CIC News, which relays the announcement; the consulate notice above is the primary source for eligibility and dates). We did not find what happens after 31 December 2026; plan trips after that date only after checking.
Entry and conduct rules from the Government of Canada's advisory
As of the page's update on 14 October 2026, the advisory level is "Exercise a high degree of caution", with a regional advisory for Gyirong County in Tibet. Points relevant to business travellers: passport valid at least six months; register your residence with the local public security bureau within 24 hours; fingerprints are taken and retained for travellers aged 14 to 70; border officials may review electronic devices; people involved in investigations or business disputes can be placed under an exit ban and may learn of it only at departure; cash of USD 5,000 or RMB 20,000 or more must be declared; and detention without charge can last up to 37 days, or up to six months before formal arrest in national security cases (Travel advice and advisories, China).
Longer stays and work permits
Not verified: work permit categories and employer sponsorship, residence permits for staff you send to China, and employment law for local hires. Use a China-based immigration and employment adviser. If your own Chinese partner wants to send people to Canada, see bring a worker to Canada.
9. Business practice
- Relationships and etiquette. The TCS publishes a business etiquette page (we could not read its contents in this edition). Use it, and ask a trade commissioner to introduce you (TCS).
- Check who you are dealing with. The TCS recommends checking registration and licence status in the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System run by the State Administration for Market Regulation, confirming the registered legal person, capital, business scope and licence validity, and confirming that your negotiating contact can bind the company. It also recommends screening partners against export control and sanctions lists, confirming IP ownership, checking Chinese court records and cross-checking information with commercial databases. The TCS can run preliminary public-source research from a company's Chinese name and local phone number but does not do full background checks (TCS due diligence).
- Use local service providers. The TCS publishes service-provider lists for Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai (TCS).
- Events. TCS lists the China International Import Expo (Shanghai, 5-10 November 2026) and Guangzhou Design Week 2026 (4-8 December) (TCS). See find buyers, trade shows and trade missions.
10. Funding and support
| Program | What it funds | Maximum | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| CanExport SMEs | Entering new international markets | Up to C$50,000 | TCS funding page, modified 2026-09-01 |
| CanExport Innovation | R&D partnerships in international markets | Up to C$37,500 | same |
| CanExport GAC-Led Delegations | Participation in eligible trade missions and delegations | Not stated | same |
| CanExport Associations | Export business development by associations | Up to C$500,000 (page showed "Accepting applications: No") | same |
The page did not state the share of costs covered or intake dates. Check the program terms before you budget. The TCS also lists funding for inclusive trade groups on its China page (TCS).
Not verified: Export Development Canada (EDC) products and risk guidance for China, BDC, and provincial programs. See export funding and financing map.
11. Risk and sensitive issues
- China's export control law. It covers dual-use goods, military items, nuclear, biological and chemical items and commercial encryption, has extraterritorial reach, lets authorities restrict unlisted items, and requires exporters to verify end use and end users. The TCS says foreign firms should assess exposure if they rely on Chinese-origin components or technology, have operations, suppliers or customers in China, or re-export or transship goods involving China (TCS, modified 2026-07-28).
- Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law. Enacted 10 June 2021, with implementing provisions of 23 March 2025. A company, executive or affiliate seen to support foreign sanctions against Chinese entities can be targeted. Countermeasures include entry bans, asset freezes, export prohibitions and data-transfer restrictions. Appeals are at the authorities' discretion. China's 2021 Blocking Rules can conflict with U.S. or EU sanctions compliance (TCS, modified 2026-07-28).
- Canadian export controls and sanctions. The TCS links Global Affairs Canada pages on sanctions, export and import controls and responsible business conduct, which we did not open. Screen your goods, technology, end users and end uses against Canadian rules before you sign.
- Exit bans and detention. See the Government of Canada advisory in section 8.
- Ethics and reputational diligence. Section 9 lists the screening the TCS suggests. For specific sensitive sectors, take legal advice before pursuing a deal.
- Politics. Bilateral measures on tariffs, quotas and travel have changed repeatedly since 2024. Treat any figure here as dated.
12. If you are based in China and want to work with Canadians
Start with working with Canadian companies. Points specific to China: - Payments to Canada. Canada's default 25% withholding tax on interest, dividends, rents, royalties and certain management and technical service fees paid to non-residents is reduced under the treaty: dividends 10% or 15%, related-party interest 10%, royalties 10% (PwC Canada; treaty). Payments for goods or for services performed outside Canada are a different question; confirm with a Canadian adviser. - Chinese VAT and income tax. If you buy services from a Canadian company that are consumed in China, you may be the VAT withholding agent (section 4). - Data. If you send personal information about people in China to a Canadian partner, the cross-border transfer rules in section 5 apply. - Foreign exchange. Moving money out of China must comply with Chinese tax and foreign exchange rules (TCS). We did not verify how. - Visiting Canada. Not verified. Check the visa rules for Chinese nationals with Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada.
13. Checklist and questions for a lawyer, accountant or broker
Checklist
- Check the current tariff and trade-measure position for your product on both sides (section 6).
- Find your tariff classification and ask your customer or a broker for the Chinese import rate and import VAT.
- Ask the TCS whether your product needs CCC or another certification.
- File trademarks (and patents, within the 12-month window) in China before you tell the market.
- Run due diligence on the Chinese buyer or partner: registry, legal person, capital, IP, court records, sanctions screening.
- Decide governing law, dispute forum and contract language with a lawyer.
- Agree in writing who bears Chinese VAT and withholding tax, and gross-up if needed.
- Track staff days in China per project against the six-month services test.
- Check GST/HST zero-rating conditions and keep proof of export or evidence of non-resident status.
- Plan payment terms with your bank; ask what documents the Chinese bank requires.
- Check data flows if you handle personal information about people in China.
- Check visa-free entry still applies on your travel dates, and register with the local police on arrival.
- Screen goods, technology and end use against Canadian and Chinese export controls and sanctions.
- Apply for CanExport or other funding before you incur the costs.
Questions for a lawyer
- Which law should govern this contract, and where should disputes be decided so an award or judgment can be enforced against this counterparty's assets?
- Which language should be authoritative, and should we sign a Chinese version?
- How do we protect our trademark, patents and know-how in China, and what should the distributor or partner agreement say about IP and non-compete?
- Do our activities risk creating a permanent establishment or a registration requirement in China?
- What data-transfer filings apply to our data?
- Is our deal exposed to China's export control or anti-foreign sanctions rules, or to Canadian rules?
Questions for an accountant
- Which withholding tax and VAT will apply to our invoices, and who files?
- How do we claim the foreign tax credit and document treaty relief?
- Are our services zero-rated for GST/HST?
Questions for a customs broker
- What is the tariff code, the Chinese duty and import VAT, and the required import documents?
- What export documents and proof of export do we need on the Canadian side?
14. What this guide did not verify
- Languages of business and time-zone offset beyond the notices cited.
- Governing-law rules, arbitration institutions (for example whether to choose a Chinese or a foreign seat), contract-language requirements, and distribution or agency law.
- Procedures, costs and timing for setting up a locally incorporated company, and the current rules for representative offices. Whether a newer negative list than the 2024 edition exists.
- Which Canadian service sectors sell into China, and sector detail beyond the TCS priority list.
- Chinese import tariffs for particular goods; the current status of China's tariffs on canola seed, canola oil and pork (only secondary reports), and Canada's steel and aluminum surtaxes (secondary report).
- Chinese tax filing steps for treaty relief; whether service fees are royalties; whether a distributor could create a permanent establishment.
- SAFE rules, renminbi controls and payment channels.
- Work permits, residence permits and employment law for China; visa rules for Chinese visitors to Canada; what happens to Canadian visa-free entry after 31 December 2026.
- Food, medical and other product-specific registration in China beyond CCC and cosmetics.
- EDC, BDC and provincial programs; CanExport percentage of costs and intake dates.
- Canadian export-control and sanctions rules (pages linked but not opened).
- Business etiquette and the detail of TCS e-commerce and sourcing guides.
- Canadian foreign tax credit mechanics and carry-over periods in detail.
- The text of Articles 7 and 14 of the tax treaty (business profits, independent services) and the Hong Kong position.
15. Sources opened
- Trade Commissioner Service, Doing business in China and market page
- TCS pages: foreign investment law, certification, e-commerce, export control law, anti-foreign sanctions, due diligence, cybersecurity, IP overview, Protecting your IP in China, funding
- Global Affairs Canada, Canada-China relations and country page
- Global Affairs Canada briefing note on the FIPA, 2020-06-03
- Government of Canada travel advice, China
- Canada-China tax agreement, Department of Finance
- PwC Canada withholding taxes; PwC China: withholding taxes, other taxes, corporate income tax
- KPMG China tax alert, January 2026; Garrigues on China's VAT Law
- CRA GST/HST Memorandum 4.5.2 and 4.5.3
- Income Tax Act, s. 126
- K&L Gates on China's Foreign Investment Law; Shanghai portal, 2024 negative list
- New York Convention country list; China Justice Observer
- Baker McKenzie data and cyber handbook, China
- Chinese Consulate General in Toronto, visa-free notice; CIC News
- Canada China Business Council; CCBC annual trade report 2025
- MOFCOM press conference, 22 January 2026; RTHK, 27 February 2026
Research, not advice. Rules change and depend on your facts: confirm with a qualified Canadian professional before you act. Items we could not verify are labelled in the text.