Last reviewed 2026-10-20
First edition, partly verified. Every rule here links to the source we opened, and what we could not confirm is listed in the “not verified” section near the end. An independent legal and tax review is still to come: treat this as a research starting point.
This is a first edition. Several points that matter (German corporate and trade tax rates, the VAT registration route for non-EU sellers, GDPR, works councils, CE marking, customs procedure, judgment enforcement) could not be checked against a primary source in this pass and are listed in section 14 rather than asserted. Where this guide gives a figure, it gives the date and a link. Section 12 is for readers in Germany who want to work with Canadians.
1. At a glance
| Item | What we confirmed | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Goods trade, 2025 | Two-way merchandise trade $34.3 billion; Canadian exports to Germany $9.2 billion; imports from Germany $25.1 billion. Germany is Canada's sixth-largest merchandise trading partner and its largest EU member-state partner | Global Affairs Canada, Canada-Germany relations |
| Services trade, 2025 | Two-way services trade $9.0 billion (including travel) | Global Affairs Canada; the German-Canadian chamber gives the same CAD 9.0 billion total, with exports CAD 4.6 billion and imports CAD 4.4 billion (AHK Canada) |
| Investment, 2025 | German direct investment stock in Canada $40.5 billion (ultimate investor basis); Canadian direct investment in Germany about $22.3 billion | Global Affairs Canada |
| Trade agreement | CETA, signed 2016, provisionally applied since 21 September 2017 | Global Affairs Canada |
| Tax treaty | Canada-Germany tax agreement (see section 4) | Justice Laws, Canada-Germany Tax Agreement Act |
| Currency | Euro (EUR) | Not separately sourced; see section 14 |
| Languages | German is the language of business and law; English is common in international business | Not separately sourced; see section 14 |
| Time zone | Central European Time (summer time in season) | Not separately sourced; see section 14 |
Two government-linked sources give different 2025 goods totals. Global Affairs Canada reports $34.3 billion two-way with $25.1 billion of imports. The German-Canadian chamber page reports CAD 29.2 billion two-way with CAD 20.2 billion of imports, and the same page also says annual volume "has exceeded" CAD 30 billion, so it is not internally consistent (AHK Canada). We use the Global Affairs Canada figures and did not reconcile the difference (we could not open Statistics Canada tables in this pass).
CETA status as of today
- Provisional application: CETA has applied provisionally since 21 September 2017. An estimated 90% of the agreement is in force, including market access provisions that eliminate duties on at least 98% of traded products (Library of Parliament, HillNotes, 26 Sept 2025).
- Germany's ratification: Germany completed ratification when the Bundestag approved it on 1 December 2022 (vote 559 to 110) (Carleton University trade network). Global Affairs Canada dates Germany's formal ratification to 20 January 2023 (Global Affairs Canada). The two sources differ on the date; both agree Germany has ratified.
- EU-wide ratification: Full entry into force needs all 27 member states. A Global Affairs Canada question-period note lists 17 as having ratified and 10 as not yet (Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Slovenia) (Question Period Note, 2025). The Library of Parliament counted the same split as of 31 August 2025 and notes the investment court system and investment protection provisions are not provisionally applied (HillNotes). We did not find a source newer than those; changes after that date are not verified.
Practical meaning: the tariff and market access terms you rely on for goods work today. Investor-state protection under CETA is not yet in force.
2. Where Canadians win
Only areas with evidence from sources we opened are listed.
| Area | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Energy products | Energy products were CAD 1.76 billion (19.2%) of Canadian exports to Germany in 2025; crude petroleum CAD 802 million; uranium hexafluoride CAD 581 million | AHK Canada |
| Aerospace and transportation equipment | Aircraft and other transportation equipment and parts, CAD 1.20 billion (13.1%) of exports in 2025 | AHK Canada |
| Machinery, mineral products | Global Affairs Canada lists machinery and equipment, mineral fuels and oils, mineral ores, precious stones and metals, and inorganic chemicals as top Canadian exports | Global Affairs Canada |
| Critical minerals, autos and batteries | A critical minerals declaration was signed in August 2025; a February 2026 joint declaration of intent covers auto and battery manufacturing and critical minerals | Global Affairs Canada |
| Digital and AI | A Canada-Germany Digital Alliance launched in December 2025; an AI declaration followed in February 2026 | Global Affairs Canada |
| Hydrogen, mining | The German-Canadian chamber hosts the German Secretariat of the Energy Partnership with Canada, a Competence Centre for Mining and Mineral Resources and a "Transatlantic Dialogue" on hydrogen hubs | AHK Canada |
| Priority sectors named by the Trade Commissioner Service | Aerospace, agriculture and processed foods, automotive, clean technologies, consumer products, industrial machinery, ICT, life sciences, mining | Trade Commissioner Service, Germany |
For software and ICT, the Trade Commissioner Service published a market snapshot dated 20 April 2026 (ICT market in Germany); we could not open it in this pass, so read it directly. The other direction matters too: Canada's largest imports from Germany are machinery (CAD 6.40 billion), motor vehicles and parts (CAD 5.58 billion) and pharmaceuticals (CAD 2.6 billion) (AHK Canada), which shows where German firms already look for partners and service providers in Canada.
Upcoming events on the Trade Commissioner Service page as of 20 October 2026: Space Tech Expo Europe (Bremen, 17-19 November 2026), a Canadian Technology Accelerator for autonomous technologies (applications open 11 September to 28 October 2026), BIO-Europe (Cologne, 9-11 November 2026) and MEDICA/Compamed (Düsseldorf, 16-19 November 2026), with registration closed for the last two (Trade Commissioner Service, Germany). For finding buyers more generally see find buyers, trade shows and trade missions.
3. Services versus goods; local entity; permanent establishment; false self-employment
Goods or services
- Goods move through customs (section 6). Your tax exposure in Germany is usually limited to VAT and customs unless you have a presence there.
- Services and software are taxed on the place of supply. For a service to a business customer, the German VAT place of supply is where the customer runs its business, or the establishment that receives the service (UStG § 3a). A Canadian consultant serving a German company is therefore dealing with German VAT rules even without an office in Germany. For related issues on software see sell software and digital services across borders.
Do you need a local entity?
You do not need one merely to sell goods or remote services. Reasons to consider one: staff in Germany, a stock or service base, public tenders or customers that insist on a local contracting party. The forms to compare with a German adviser are a limited company (GmbH), a registered branch, or doing nothing local. We did not verify German company law requirements (minimum capital, registration, filing duties), so those are in section 14. If instead you are setting up in Canada, see set up a Canadian subsidiary or branch.
Permanent establishment (PE)
Under the Canada-Germany tax agreement, a PE is "a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on," and includes a place of management, a branch, an office, a factory or a workshop. A building or installation site is a PE only if it lasts more than twelve months. Using an independent agent does not by itself create a PE (Article 5, Canada-Germany Tax Agreement Act). The treaty has no separate services-PE paragraph. Independent professional services are taxable only in the individual's home country unless the individual has a fixed base regularly available in the other country (Article 14, same source). Whether a home office of an employee in Germany or a dependent agent creates a PE is a fact question; get advice before posting staff there.
False self-employment (Scheinselbständigkeit)
If a Canadian contractor or Canadian-run company provides personal services to a German client, Germany's social-insurance law can treat the relationship as employment. Under § 7 SGB IV, employment is "nichtselbständige Arbeit, insbesondere in einem Arbeitsverhältnis," and the statute names two indicators: work done under instructions and integration into the instructing party's work organisation (SGB IV § 7). These are indicators, not a checklist; authorities weigh the whole arrangement.
- Status procedure: The contract parties can ask the Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund to decide whether a relationship is employment or self-employment, and a decision can be requested before work begins (SGB IV § 7a). The page notes several of these provisions expire on 30 June 2027.
- Why it matters: the German client could face social-insurance liability if the relationship is reclassified. Whether and how German social insurance applies to a Canadian-resident contractor working from Canada, and the Canada-Germany social security agreement, were not verified (section 14).
- Reduce the risk: deliver defined outputs, control your own hours and methods, use your own tools, serve more than one client, avoid sitting inside the client's team structure. For the Canadian side of contractor engagements see hire a Canadian freelancer or contractor.
4. Tax
Canada-Germany tax agreement: withholding caps
These are source-country caps on withholding tax under the treaty text (Justice Laws, Articles 10-12).
| Payment | Treaty cap | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Dividends | 5% of gross if the beneficial owner is a company controlling at least 10% of the voting power; 15% otherwise | Article 10(2) |
| Interest | 10% of gross | Article 11(2) |
| Royalties | 10% of gross in general | Article 12(2). Royalties for copyright in literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works (excluding films and TV), and for computer software, patents, or industrial, commercial or scientific information (excluding rental or franchise arrangements), are taxable only in the recipient's country (Article 12(3)) |
| Business profits | Taxed only in the home country unless there is a PE | Articles 5 and 7 |
| Independent services | Taxed only in the home country unless a fixed base is regularly available | Article 14 |
| Employment | Taxable where work is performed, but exempt there if the person is present no more than 183 days in any twelve-month period, the employer is not a resident of that state and the pay is not borne by a PE or fixed base | Article 15(2) |
An independent summary reviewed 30 June 2026 lists the same ranges (dividends 5% or 15%, interest 0% or 10%, royalties 0% or 10%) and notes domestic German withholding of 25% on dividends and 15% on royalties paid to non-treaty non-residents (PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries, Germany). Relief usually requires a treaty residence certificate and a German procedure for reduced withholding; we did not verify that procedure (section 14).
German VAT on B2B services from Canada
- Place of supply: services to a business customer are taxed where the customer is established (UStG § 3a(2)).
- Reverse charge: § 13b(2) UStG lists "sonstige Leistungen eines im Ausland ansässigen Unternehmers," that is, services by a supplier established abroad, and says the tax arises when the invoice is issued, at the latest at the end of the month following the service (UStG § 13b). In the usual B2B case the German business customer accounts for the VAT, and the Canadian supplier does not charge German VAT. Check the recipient conditions in § 13b(5) with your adviser; we did not open that paragraph.
- Foreign supplier invoicing: for a supply where the recipient owes the tax and the supplier has no seat, management, branch or residence in Germany, § 14(7) UStG applies the invoicing rules of the supplier's own state instead of the German rules, unless a self-billing credit note was agreed (UStG § 14).
- Sales to consumers and goods: German VAT registration for a non-EU seller (goods sold from stock in Germany, B2C digital services, distance sales) was not verified. See section 14 and gst-hst for foreign businesses selling in Canada for the mirror-image rules in Canada.
E-invoicing mandate timeline
Germany introduced mandatory structured e-invoicing for domestic B2B transactions. Under § 14(2) UStG the e-invoice duty applies to supplies to another business where both parties are resident in Germany (UStG § 14). An e-invoice is one issued, transmitted and received in a structured electronic format that allows electronic processing, conforming to the European standard under Directive 2014/55/EU or agreed between the parties (§ 14(1)). Transitional rules in § 27(38) (UStG § 27):
| Period | Rule |
|---|---|
| Supplies from 1 Jan 2025 to 31 Dec 2026 | Paper invoices, or other-format electronic invoices with recipient consent, remain allowed (until 31 Dec 2026) |
| Supplies in 2027 | Allowed until 31 Dec 2027 for issuers whose prior-year turnover did not exceed EUR 800,000; also for EDI-sent invoices with recipient consent |
| After the transition | Structured e-invoice required for covered domestic B2B supplies |
A Canadian supplier without a German seat is not within the "both resident" condition on the face of § 14(2). Whether your German customer will nonetheless ask for a structured invoice (XRechnung or ZUGFeRD) for processing reasons is a commercial question; the receiving obligation for German businesses started in 2025, which we did not verify (section 14).
Other German taxes and the Canadian side
- Trade tax (Gewerbesteuer), corporate income tax: not verified (section 14). They matter if you have a German entity or PE.
- Canada: report foreign income and claim foreign tax credits as your Canadian adviser directs; we did not open CRA pages. Canadian GST/HST rules for exports are not covered here (see export goods from Canada).
What to ask an accountant
- Do we have a PE in Germany from any person, office or contract practice?
- What treaty rate applies to our licence or service fees, and what German paperwork is needed to get it?
- Will the customer self-assess VAT, and what must our invoices say?
- If we have a German entity, what are the corporate and trade tax and filing obligations?
- Do our contractors in Germany create social-insurance exposure?
5. Legal and contracts
German and EU law apply to most contracts with German customers in practice, but parties can choose governing law. The points below are checks, not verified rules, unless linked.
- Choice of law and forum: pick a governing law and a forum or arbitration seat in writing. Enforcement of Canadian court judgments in Germany and German judgments in Canada, and the available treaties, were not verified (section 14). Arbitration awards are generally easier to enforce across borders than court judgments, but confirm New York Convention coverage and procedure with counsel.
- Language: a contract in English is common in B2B; German is the language of local courts and registries (not verified). Provide a German version of consumer-facing terms and privacy notices.
- GDPR: if you handle personal data of people in Germany, EU data protection law applies. We did not verify details (section 14). See privacy and data rules for Canada for the Canadian side.
- Works councils: if you hire employees in Germany, employee representation rules apply. Not verified (section 14). For hiring models see hire a Canadian employee from abroad (the reverse direction) and ask a German labour lawyer.
- Supply chain due diligence (LkSG): the German Supply Chain Due Diligence Act addresses "the responsibility of German enterprises to respect human rights in global supply chains," and BAFA handles complaints (BAFA). The statute text shows an employee threshold of 1,000 from 1 January 2024 for companies with German seat or branch (LkSG § 1). Covered German buyers must put in place prevention measures toward their direct suppliers, including a "vertragliche Zusicherung" (contractual assurance) from the supplier that it will meet the buyer's human-rights and environmental expectations, plus training and risk-based control mechanisms (LkSG § 6(4)). Practically, expect questionnaires, code-of-conduct clauses and audit rights in contracts with larger German buyers. We could not verify whether the Act has been amended since, or how the EU corporate sustainability due diligence rules now interact with it (section 14).
6. Customs, rules of origin, standards
- CETA tariff treatment: CETA is described by the Trade Commissioner Service as offering tariff-free access for goods (Trade Commissioner Service, Germany); the Library of Parliament says market access provisions eliminate duties on at least 98% of traded products (HillNotes). Claiming it depends on meeting the origin rules.
- Rules of origin, proof of origin, EORI, CE marking and standards, German customs (Zoll) procedure, import VAT: not verified in this pass. Our attempts to open the German customs site and the European Commission EORI page were refused by the fetch tool. See section 14 and use a customs broker. For the Canadian export side see export goods from Canada.
- Trade Commissioner Service tools: its Germany page lists information on sanctions, export and import controls and responsible business conduct, and CanExport funding (Trade Commissioner Service, Germany).
What to ask a customs broker
- What is the tariff classification of my product and the duty without CETA?
- Do I qualify for CETA origin, and what origin statement do I put on the invoice?
- Do I need an EORI number, and who is the importer of record?
- Which CE marking, labelling or conformity rules apply to my product?
- Who pays import VAT, and can the customer reclaim it?
7. Getting paid
SEPA credit transfers, usual payment terms, FX hedging and bank costs were not verified for Germany in this pass (section 14). Practical points that do not depend on a figure: invoice in euros if the customer prefers it and decide who carries exchange-rate risk in the contract; state payment terms and the bank details on each invoice; ask a bank or payments provider about euro accounts. See get paid from abroad: FX and payments and insurance, credit and payment risk for exporters.
8. People and visas
Canadians travelling to Germany
- Visa-free stays: Canadians do not need a visa for tourist stays of up to 90 days in any 180-day period in the Schengen area, and the passport must be valid for at least three months beyond the planned departure (travel.gc.ca, Germany).
- ETIAS as of today: the EU's ETIAS travel authorisation is not yet in operation. The Government of Canada travel page says "Applications are not yet open" (travel.gc.ca). The European Commission page, dated 6 October 2025, says ETIAS "is currently not in operation" and that the date will be announced several months before launch (European Commission, Home Affairs). Trade press reported in July 2026 that launch, expected for the last quarter of 2026, could slip to 2027 (Daily Hive, 7 July 2026; Inside Flyer, 8 July 2026). Those are secondary reports; check the official EU site before you travel.
- Entry/Exit System (EES): it records trip information, facial image and fingerprints on entry, and the travel.gc.ca page says no action is needed before travel (travel.gc.ca). The EU delegation page gives the start date as 12 October 2025 (EEAS).
Business visits and temporary work under CETA
The Trade Commissioner Service guide to temporary entry into Germany under CETA (published 12 February 2024; its own text has some inconsistencies) summarises the routes (Guide to temporary entry into Germany under CETA):
| Category | CETA stay | German route per the guide |
|---|---|---|
| Short-term business visitor | Up to 90 days in any 180-day period | No Schengen C visa or work permit for listed activities if main residence is not in Germany. Listed activities include meetings, trade fairs, sales negotiations without delivering goods or services, purchasing and after-sales service. Cannot be paid from a German source. Some installation or maintenance work also needs Federal Employment Agency approval |
| Contractual service supplier | Up to 12 months in any 24-month period | National visa for the CETA contractual service supplier permit. Requires at least 1 year with the Canadian employer, a degree, at least 3 years of experience, and no Canadian establishment in Germany |
| Independent professional | Up to 12 months in any 24-month period | No German category; freelancer self-employment visa. At least 6 years of experience and a degree |
| Intra-corporate transferee | Senior personnel and specialists up to 3 years; trainees up to 1 year | EU intra-corporate transferee permit |
| Investor | Up to 1 year | No German category; self-employment visa |
Fees listed in the guide: visa application EUR 75, town-hall registration EUR 10 to 15, residence and work permit EUR 100 where applicable. Processing is described as a few days to several weeks. Confirm current fees and rules with the German mission.
Longer work in Germany: EU Blue Card
The EU Blue Card page lists 2025 gross annual salary thresholds of EUR 48,300 (general), and EUR 43,759.80 for shortage occupations, young professionals and some IT specialists without a degree, with a job offer of at least six months and a qualifying degree. The permit runs for the contract plus three months, for up to four years, and thresholds are updated annually (Make it in Germany, EU Blue Card). The 2026 thresholds were not verified. For employers hiring a Canadian-based worker see hire a Canadian employee from abroad.
9. Business practice
Not verified from primary sources in this pass: formality norms, meeting etiquette, payment-term culture, trade-fair calendars beyond those above. What we can document: the German-Canadian chamber supports trade fair participation at Messe Düsseldorf, Hannover Messe, EMO and Interschutz and runs delegations (a November 2026 delegation on AI and automation in production visiting Toronto, Waterloo and Montréal) (AHK Canada), and more than 100 Canadian companies took part in Hannover Messe in April 2026 (Global Affairs Canada). Use local references, a German-language website and a German contact for service.
10. Funding and support
- Trade Commissioner Service: offices in Berlin (Embassy), Düsseldorf and Munich; sector advice; CanExport funding; Canadian Technology Accelerators; information on sanctions and export controls. Contact: deutschland.commerce@international.gc.ca (Trade Commissioner Service, Germany). Canada also has a consulate in Stuttgart (Global Affairs Canada, Canada in Germany).
- German-Canadian Chamber of Industry and Commerce (AHK Canada): business development and delegations, immigration, payroll and bookkeeping, and legal and tax guidance for German companies working in Canada (AHK Canada).
- Germany Trade & Invest (GTAI): the German government's business promotion agency, funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, offering investment consulting and an Investment Guide on visas, taxation, company setup, customs and incentives (GTAI).
- Research: Canada joined Horizon Europe's association agreement in July 2024 (Global Affairs Canada).
- Export finance and loans: see export funding and financing map. We did not open EDC, BDC or CanExport pages in this pass.
11. Risks
| Risk | What to do |
|---|---|
| Tax: unintended PE or contractor reclassification | Document roles; get advice before staff or agents work in Germany (section 3) |
| Customs and origin errors | Use a broker; keep origin evidence (section 6) |
| Invoicing format rejected by customer systems | Ask the customer's AP team what format it needs (section 4) |
| Supply-chain clauses from large buyers | Review code-of-conduct and audit clauses before signing (section 5) |
| Travel changes | ETIAS date is uncertain; check the official EU site before booking (section 8) |
| Currency | Decide who bears euro risk in the contract (section 7) |
| CETA investment protection not in force | Do not assume investor-state protection applies (section 1) |
| Payment risk | See insurance, credit and payment risk for exporters |
12. If you are in Germany and want to work with Canadians
- Find help: the German-Canadian chamber supports German companies on Canada market entry, immigration, payroll, bookkeeping, legal and tax topics (AHK Canada). The Embassy of Canada in Berlin and consulates in Düsseldorf and Munich provide trade and investment services (Global Affairs Canada).
- What Canada buys from Germany: industrial machinery, motor vehicles and parts, pharmaceuticals (AHK Canada). Under CETA, Canadian tariffs on most goods are removed on origin-qualifying products; see import goods into Canada.
- Hiring in Canada: see hire a Canadian employee from abroad and hire a Canadian freelancer or contractor. To sell to Canadian customers and set up locally, see set up a Canadian subsidiary or branch and GST/HST for foreign businesses selling in Canada.
- Quebec: if the Canadian partner or customers are in Quebec, French-language rules apply; see doing business in Quebec: French-language rules.
- Bringing a Canadian to Germany: the short-term visitor, contractual service supplier and intra-corporate transferee routes in section 8 apply to Canadian workers. Check the German route and Federal Employment Agency approval before the person travels.
- Working with a Canadian company generally: see working with Canadian companies.
13. Checklist
- Confirm the product or service and whether goods, services or both cross the border
- Read the Trade Commissioner Service Germany page and write to deutschland.commerce@international.gc.ca for your sector
- Check CETA origin eligibility and the origin statement with a customs broker
- Decide whether you need an EORI number and who is importer of record
- Check CE marking and other product rules for your goods
- Confirm VAT treatment: reverse charge for B2B services, registration if selling to consumers or from German stock
- Ask the German customer what invoice format its systems require
- Review treaty rates and the paperwork needed for royalty or dividend payments
- Assess PE risk before sending staff, agents or equipment to Germany
- Test contractor arrangements against false self-employment indicators
- Review supply-chain and code-of-conduct clauses from large German buyers
- Check ETIAS and entry rules on the official EU and travel.gc.ca pages before booking travel
14. What this guide did not verify
The fetch tool's request budget ran out during research and several pages were refused. The following are not confirmed from a primary source; do not rely on this guide for them.
- Euro as currency, language and time zone (stated from general knowledge only).
- German corporate income tax, solidarity surcharge, trade tax (Gewerbesteuer) rates and local entity filing duties.
- German company forms (GmbH, branch): capital, registration, costs.
- VAT: registration steps for non-EU sellers, the VAT refund procedure for non-EU businesses, standard and reduced VAT rates, § 13b(5) recipient conditions, and whether your customer must obtain an e-invoice receiving capability (the receiving obligation timeline).
- Treaty relief procedure for reduced withholding; Canada-Germany social security agreement and its effect on contractors.
- GDPR specifics; works council and German employment law; collective agreements.
- LkSG amendments after the statute text we opened and the EU due diligence rules.
- Enforcement of Canadian judgments in Germany and German judgments in Canada; New York Convention practicalities.
- CETA rules of origin and proof of origin; EORI registration for Canadian exporters; CE marking and standards; customs procedure and import VAT (German customs and EU Commission pages could not be opened).
- SEPA and FX practice; German payment-term norms.
- EU Blue Card thresholds for 2026; German visa fees beyond those listed in the Trade Commissioner Service guide; Canada-Germany youth mobility.
- Statistics Canada trade tables; reconciliation of the two 2025 goods trade totals.
- CRA guidance on foreign income, foreign tax credits and GST/HST on exports; EDC, BDC and CanExport programs.
- Whether CETA ratification changed after 31 August 2025.
- Detailed content of the Trade Commissioner Service ICT market snapshot (20 April 2026).
15. Sources opened
- Global Affairs Canada, Canada-Germany relations
- Global Affairs Canada, Canada in Germany
- AHK Canada: Canada and Germany's trade relationship
- AHK Canada home page
- Trade Commissioner Service, Germany and market facts
- Guide to temporary entry into Germany under CETA
- Carleton University trade network, Germany
- Library of Parliament, HillNotes, CETA ratification
- Question Period Note on CETA
- Canada-Germany Tax Agreement Act, Justice Laws
- PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries, Germany withholding taxes
- UStG § 3a, § 13b, § 14, § 27
- SGB IV § 7 and § 7a
- LkSG § 1, § 6 and BAFA Supply Chain Act
- travel.gc.ca, Germany
- European Commission, ETIAS and EEAS, travelling to Europe
- Daily Hive, ETIAS and Inside Flyer, ETIAS 2027
- Make it in Germany, EU Blue Card
- Germany Trade & Invest
Research, not advice. Rules change and depend on your facts: confirm with a qualified Canadian professional before you act. Items we could not verify are labelled in the text.