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Selling to South Korea from Canada: tax, legal, customs and market-entry guide

Find buyers and enter marketsCross-border and sales taxCustoms, shipping and tariffsStandards, certification and licences

Last reviewed 2026-10-20

First edition, partly verified. Every rule here links to the source we opened, and what we could not confirm is listed in the “not verified” section near the end. An independent legal and tax review is still to come: treat this as a research starting point.

South Korea is a market where Canadian goods enter mostly duty-free under a free trade agreement, and where Canadian services can usually be sold from Canada without a local company. The traps are mostly about paperwork: a Korean VAT registration for some digital sellers, product-safety certification for some goods, Korean privacy law, and how you structure a local presence. This guide relies on government, treaty and agency pages that were opened for it. Where a point could only be checked on a secondary source, or not at all, the text says so. Section 12 is for readers in Korea who want to work with Canadians. For the Canadian side of any deal, see Working with Canadian companies.

1. At a glance

Item What the sources say Source
Goods trade, 2025 Bilateral merchandise trade reached $25 billion in 2025. South Korea is Canada's seventh-largest trading partner. Trade has doubled since the free trade agreement took effect. Global Affairs Canada
Goods trade, 2024 Canadian exports C$7.6 billion; imports from Korea C$16.9 billion. APF Canada
Services trade Canadian service exports to Korea grew from C$1.1 billion (2015) to C$1.9 billion (2024). Two-way services trade was C$2.5 billion in 2023. APF Canada
Investment, 2025 Canadian direct investment stock in Korea: about $3.8 billion. Korean direct investment stock in Canada: $17.6 billion. Global Affairs Canada
Trade agreement Canada-Korea Free Trade Agreement (CKFTA), in force since 2015. 99% of Canadian exports have duty-free access; 99.75% of tariffs on bilateral trade will be eliminated on full implementation in 2032. Trade Commissioner Service
CPTPP Korea is not a member and has not applied. On 2026-10-08 the president ordered the government not to submit an application this year, according to a Korean news report. Korea JoongAng Daily
Tax treaty Canada-Korea Income Tax Agreement (2006): dividends 5% or 15%, interest 10%, royalties 10%. Treaty text, Bill S-5, Schedule IV
Currency, language, time zone Korean won (KRW); Korean; Korea Standard Time. These basics are not tied to a source in this guide (see section 14). n/a
Entry for Canadian visitors Canadian passport holders are exempt from K-ETA until 2026-12-31. EY alert

Two figures that look inconsistent are not. Global Affairs Canada cites $25 billion for 2025 and the Trade Commissioner Service cites $24.5 billion for 2024 (mission page). They are different years.

2. Where Canadians win (evidence only)

The sources show where trade has actually grown. They do not rank sectors or promise demand for any one product.

Area Evidence Source
Ores, mineral fuels and related products 57% of Canadian exports to Korea (2015 to June 2025). APF Canada
Agri-food Agricultural products including meat and seafood were 12% of exports over the same period. South Korea is Canada's fifth-largest agri-food export market. APF Canada, Global Affairs Canada
Pork Canada was Korea's fourth-largest meat supplier in 2024, with about $535 million of meat exports, mostly pork. APF Canada
Canola oil Canada was Korea's fourth-largest cooking-oil supplier in 2023, at roughly $67 million. APF Canada
Energy EDC notes that all three of Korea's main refineries can process Canadian crude grades; APF Canada notes Korean long-term buyers for Woodfibre LNG. EDC, APF Canada
Services Canada runs a growing services surplus with Korea, driven by travel and commercial services. APF Canada

Sectors that the Canadian government and EDC name as areas of opportunity, without guaranteeing results:

  • The 2026 Team Canada trade mission to Seoul targeted aerospace and defence, clean energy transition, ICT and life sciences (Trade Commissioner Service).
  • EDC lists technology including AI, energy and critical minerals, agri-food, advanced manufacturing (semiconductors, EV batteries, electronics) and clean technology (EDC).

Provincial mix: BC accounts for nearly half of Canadian exports to Korea, and BC, Quebec, Ontario and Alberta together account for over 90% (APF Canada). That reflects commodity trade. A software or consulting firm in another province should not read it as a limit.

3. Services versus goods, and whether you need a local entity

Selling services from Canada

You can often sell services across the border without a Korean company. What decides the question is whether you create a taxable presence in Korea or trigger a Korean registration. Three tests matter:

  1. Permanent establishment (PE) under the treaty. The treaty defines a PE as "a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on" (Article 5), and a building site or installation project is a PE only if it lasts more than six months (treaty text). Under Article 7, business profits of a Canadian company are taxable only in Canada unless there is a PE in Korea, and then only the profits attributable to it (treaty text). I could not confirm from the part of the text I read whether Article 5 has a separate clause for services performed by employees over a number of days. Ask your adviser.
  2. Korean VAT. Some digital services sold to Korean customers trigger a Korean registration. See section 4.
  3. Privacy law. Handling data on people in Korea can bring PIPA into play even without a local office. See section 5.

Selling goods

Goods go through Korean customs and may need product certification (section 6). A Korean importer of record is the usual route. Whether a foreign seller can act as importer of record itself was not verified.

Forms of local presence

Invest Korea (KOTRA) and the KOTRA guide to establishing a business describe the options. The guide itself notes that its terminology may not be strictly legal.

Form Key points Source
Subsidiary (usually a stock company or limited company) Separate Korean legal entity. Counts as foreign direct investment if the foreign investor puts in at least KRW 100 million and takes at least 10% of voting stock. Steps: foreign investment notification, remit capital, register the corporation, register the business at the tax office, register as a foreign-invested company. Invest Korea
Branch Legally part of the foreign corporation; liability extends to head office. Handles sales in Korea and is taxed on Korean-source profit. Needs a Korean representative and court registration. About one week to set up; branch registration within three weeks of establishment. KOTRA guide
Liaison office Non-profit activities only: contacts, market research, R&D, quality control, advertising. May not sell directly, hold inventory for sale or broker. Not subject to corporate tax per Invest Korea. KOTRA guide, Invest Korea

Other details from KOTRA:

  • Registration tax on a new local corporation is 0.4% of capital plus a 20% local education tax, and it is tripled in large metropolitan areas. The guide's example for KRW 100 million in central Seoul totals about KRW 1.7 million before legal fees.
  • A foreign investor may form a company with less than KRW 100 million, but that is not recognized as foreign direct investment and falls under the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act.
  • Foreign corporations cannot register as "private businesses" (sole-proprietor style) in Korea.
  • Invest Korea says a branch has almost no access to domestic loans, while a subsidiary may borrow depending on its credit rating.

For the Canadian-side parent, see also Protect your IP in Canada and abroad before sharing know-how with a Korean partner.

4. Tax

Treaty rates on payments from Korea to a Canadian resident

Income Korea domestic rate (non-treaty) Treaty cap Source
Dividends 20% 5% if the beneficial owner is a company controlling at least 25% of the voting power; otherwise 15% Treaty text, PwC
Interest 0%, 14% or 20% depending on instrument 10%; interest paid to the other state's government, central bank or specified government-owned financial institutions is taxable only in the recipient's state Treaty text, PwC
Royalties 20% 10% Treaty text, PwC

PwC's table is dated January 2026; the treaty text is from the 2006 implementing bill. PwC notes that treaty rates are subject to Korea's substance-over-form principle: the non-resident must give the withholding agent an application and documents showing it is the real beneficial owner, or the agent must withhold at the non-treaty rate. A competent-authority agreement effective 2010-01-01 added the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board and the Korea Finance Corporation to the list of institutions exempt from withholding on interest (CRA). I did not verify the treaty's entry-into-force date or any later protocol.

Practical points:

  • Royalties for software licences, trademarks or know-how are where the treaty matters most. Ask whether a payment is a royalty or business profit, because the answer decides whether a 10% cap or the PE rule applies. This is a point for your accountant; no source I opened classifies particular software payments.
  • The treaty text above is what applies to a company that is a resident of Canada. Whether a particular Canadian entity qualifies as a resident, and how a flow-through or partnership is treated, was not verified.
  • The National Tax Service (NTS) English site lists tax treaties and includes Canada (NTS).

Korean VAT

  • The standard VAT rate is 10% (Forvis Mazars Korea, page dated 2026-08-31).
  • A foreign provider with no Korean business place that supplies electronic services (the page lists games, software, advertising, cloud computing) to Korean recipients must register under the simplified VAT system through the National Tax Service website. Same source.
  • Foreign providers have had to charge VAT on sales to Korean consumers since 2015-07-01. B2C providers need not issue VAT invoices, and returns are quarterly, due by the 25th of the month after quarter end (Avalara). Avalara also says no threshold applies to non-residents. A secondary guide gives due dates of 25 January, April, July and October (Kintsugi).
  • B2B: Avalara says foreign providers do not charge VAT on supplies to VAT-registered Korean businesses; the Korean customer accounts for it under a reverse charge. Forvis Mazars describes the reverse charge more narrowly (a Korean business buying from a non-resident for VAT-exempt activities) and says imported services are generally not treated as taxable. The two secondary sources differ in emphasis, so confirm your specific B2B case with a Korean tax adviser.
  • Kintsugi, a secondary source, says failing to register costs 1% of the value of electronic services supplied before registration, and late payment accrues 0.022% of unpaid tax per day. Treat these as unconfirmed.
  • The NTS's own English page on this topic (VAT on Electronic Services) mainly lists two 2020 videos on using the Hometax system, so it does not give the rules in text.
  • Sales through a marketplace that provides and charges for the service may exempt the foreign provider from registering (Avalara). Check the facts of your platform.

Branch and subsidiary taxes

A Korean branch is taxed on Korean-source profit, and a liaison office is not subject to corporate tax (KOTRA; Invest Korea). Corporate income tax rates, transfer pricing documentation and tax incentives for foreign-invested companies were not verified here.

The Canadian side

Canada taxes residents on world income, so Korean-source income remains reportable. How foreign tax credits, foreign affiliate rules and GST/HST zero-rating on exports apply to your case was not verified in this guide. Raise it with your Canadian accountant, and see Sell software and digital services across borders and Export goods from Canada.

Governing law and forum

  • No source I opened sets out Korean contract-law rules for foreign sellers. I did not verify Korean rules on contract formation, liability caps, agency or distributor termination. Use a Korean-qualified lawyer for the governing-law clause.
  • Arbitration. KCAB International (Seoul) lists international arbitration and mediation, model clauses, a panel of arbitrators and a cost calculator. Its site names "KCAB International Arbitration Rules 2026" as the current rule set (KCAB International). The page did not say whether Seoul is the default seat, so name the seat in your clause.
  • Enforcement. Both Korea and Canada are contracting states to the New York Convention. Korea acceded on 8 February 1973 and declared it will apply it to awards made in another contracting state and to relationships considered commercial under its national law. Canada acceded on 12 May 1986 with a commercial-relationship declaration, and a Quebec exception (New York Convention site). Whether a Korean court would enforce a Canadian court judgment was not verified; an arbitration clause avoids that question.

Privacy: PIPA

  • Korea's Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) is the regulator and has an English site (PIPC).
  • In April 2024 the PIPC issued guidelines on applying PIPA to foreign operators. A foreign operator may be subject to PIPA if it provides goods or services to people in Korea (factors include language, currency and web domain), if it processes Korean data subjects' data with a direct and substantial impact on them, or if it has a Korean entity that processes the data (Baker McKenzie summary).
  • Overseas operators with a Korean subsidiary should designate it as their domestic representative; the guidelines advise this, and an amendment signed 2025-04-01 entered into force 2025-10-02 (Digital Policy Alert). The thresholds were not stated on the pages I read.
  • Cross-border transfers must follow the procedures in Article 28-8, and operators must disclose in writing the country and name of the overseas entity (Baker McKenzie summary).
  • For the Canadian side of data flows, see Privacy and data rules for Canada.

Language

EDC says market entry calls for local staff or partners who speak Korean (EDC). Which language governs a contract, and which version prevails if you sign in two languages, are points to settle in the contract itself. Korean practice on contract language and the legal effect of an English-only contract in Korean courts were not verified.

6. Customs, tariffs under the CKFTA, KC certification and standards

Tariffs

  • As of 1 January 2024, 99% of Canada's exports enter Korea duty-free under the CKFTA, and 99.75% will be duty-free when it is fully implemented on 1 January 2032 (Global Affairs Canada).
  • Tariff treatment depends on the product's classification by the Korea Customs Service, so the Global Affairs page is indicative only. Check your product in the Canada Tariff Finder (tariffinder.ca, named by the Trade Commissioner Service) and in the Korea Customs Service tariff database.

Selected items that were still phasing out, from Global Affairs Canada:

Product group Remaining schedule
Beef offal Duties eliminated by 2025
Fish and seafood (remaining items) By 2026
Pork cuts (fresh, chilled, frozen) Tariffs and safeguard duties by 2028
Malting barley By 2029
Beef cuts, grains, pulses Tariffs and safeguard duties by 2030
Soybeans for human consumption Over-quota duty applies above a 17,000-tonne duty-free quota; no end date shown

The same page gives several dates for barley (2026, 2029 and 2030), so check the schedule for your exact tariff line. Most remaining duties are on agriculture and agri-food. Products already duty-free include aerospace, passenger vehicles and parts, ICT and metal products (since 2015) and, from 1 January 2024, alcoholic beverages, animal feed, forest products, medical devices and nearly all processed foods.

Proving origin

The Trade Commissioner Service says the CKFTA has clear rules of origin and lets businesses obtain advance rulings on origin or tariff classification, and points to the Rules of Origin Facilitator (findrulesoforigin.org). The Korea Customs Service English site lists pages for Certificate of Origin and Approved Exporter (Korea Customs Service). Which origin-proof format Korean customs accepts under the CKFTA today was not verified; ask your customs broker and your Korean importer. See also Export goods from Canada.

Product safety and certification

  • KATS (Korean Agency for Technology and Standards) says consumer products must meet minimum safety criteria before they reach the market through a three-stage system: safety certification, self-regulatory safety confirmation, and supplier conformity confirmation (KATS product safety page).
  • The page lists the Framework Act on Product Safety, the Special Act for Child Product Safety Controls, the Quality Management and Industrial Product Safety Control Act and the Electrical Appliances Safety Control Act, and says imported goods get safety control at customs clearance in cooperation with the Korea Customs Service.
  • KATS's English pages do not mention the "KC mark" by name. Which of your products need which stage, and whether a foreign manufacturer can hold the certificate directly, were not verified. Ask your Korean importer or a certification body early, because test lead times can delay a launch.
  • Sector rules for products such as medical devices, food and cosmetics were not researched here.

7. Getting paid and FX

  • The Korean won is the local currency. No source was opened for this guide on won convertibility, foreign exchange reporting, or Korean bank-transfer practice. Do not assume that Canadian-dollar invoicing, advance payment or open-account terms will be accepted by a Korean buyer.
  • For a general approach see Get paid from abroad: FX and payments and Insurance, credit and payment risk for exporters.
  • EDC opened a Seoul representation on 2023-10-23 to help Canadian companies with knowledge, networks, financing and insurance solutions (EDC).
  • Withholding: a Korean payer may withhold tax at source on royalties, interest and dividends (section 4). Ask the buyer how invoices should be structured so that withholding is correct and you can claim a foreign tax credit in Canada.
  • Branches and subsidiaries have a different payment profile because Korean foreign investment rules require capital to be remitted through a Korean bank (KOTRA guide).

8. People and visas

Visiting Korea on business

  • Canadian passport holders are currently exempt from K-ETA. The exemption was extended through 2026-12-31 (EY). The Embassy of Korea in Canada confirms Canadians may still apply voluntarily, with a fee (MOFA Korea, Canada page). Check before travelling in 2027, since the exemption is temporary.
  • Permitted activities, maximum stay and passport rules for business visitors were not verified. Check the Government of Canada travel advice and the Korean embassy before you go. Do not do productive work on a visitor status without confirming that it is allowed.

Working in Korea

  • Work visa categories, employer sponsorship rules and intra-company transfer options were not verified (the Korean immigration site could not be fetched).
  • The CKFTA includes temporary-entry commitments for business persons that the Government of Canada described at signing as the most ambitious Korea has made in any of its free trade agreements (Canada.ca, 2014 release, archived). The categories and conditions were not verified.

Working holiday for Canadians

The Canada-Korea Youth Mobility Arrangement, renewed in May 2023, lets citizens aged 18 to 35 work and travel in each other's countries. Canada delivers its side through International Experience Canada; Canadians apply through South Korea's equivalent program (Global Affairs Canada). Quotas, fees, duration and application steps for Canadians in Korea were not verified.

Hiring in Korea

Employment law, payroll and employer-of-record options in Korea were not researched for this guide. Ask a Korean-qualified adviser before hiring.

9. Business practice

Few primary sources describe Korean business culture. What was verified:

  • EDC lists market-entry demands: local staff or partners who speak Korean, long-term commitment, and a clear value proposition (EDC).
  • The Trade Commissioner Service's Korea page does not carry a business-culture section (TCS Korea). Ask the Seoul trade commissioner team for current guidance.
  • Beyond these points, no source opened for this guide covers meeting etiquette, negotiation style or decision-making in Korean firms (see section 14).

10. Funding and support

Support What the sources say Source
Trade Commissioner Service, Seoul Based at the Embassy of Canada in Seoul. The Korea page lists CanExport funding, the Canadian International Innovation Program (R&D collaboration with South Korea), supplier-diversity opportunities and events. TCS Korea
Team Canada trade mission, 2026-03-30 to 2026-04-02 In-market mission to Seoul led by the Minister of International Trade; no participation fee, participants arranged their own travel. Applications are closed. Trade Commissioner Service
EDC Seoul representation opened 2023-10-23; works with the TCS, Invest in Canada and provinces. EDC
Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada Non-profit research and analysis, including a 10th-anniversary backgrounder on the CKFTA. APF Canada

CanExport amounts, cost-share ratios and current intake could not be opened for this guide, so check the current program page. See Export funding and financing map and Find buyers, trade shows and trade missions.

11. Risks

  • Concentration and external shocks. EDC flags Korea's heavy export reliance, vulnerability to US-China trade tensions, US reciprocal tariffs on Korean goods (with exemption talks ongoing as of its July 2025 article), an ageing and shrinking population, and competitive pressure (EDC).
  • Regulatory. Product certification, VAT registration and PIPA are the three most likely compliance gaps for a small exporter.
  • Tariff-schedule drift. Agriculture duties still phase out until 2030, and rates depend on classification. Re-check before each large order.
  • Policy shifts. Korea's CPTPP decision changed in October 2026 and could change again. Do not plan around it.
  • Enforcement. Judgments and awards: choose arbitration with a named seat (section 5).
  • Payment. See section 7 and the credit-risk guide.

12. If you are in Korea and want to work with Canadians

Why Canada

  • Bilateral trade is $25 billion (2025), and Korean direct investment stock in Canada is $17.6 billion (Global Affairs Canada).
  • Korean investment in Canada includes a 2024 POSCO investment in a Canadian lithium project and NextStar Energy's Ontario battery operations, per APF Canada, which gives no dollar amounts. Imports from Korea are mostly vehicles (44%), machinery (17%) and electrical equipment (12%) over 2015 to 2025.
  • Korean tariffs on Canadian products fall under the CKFTA; Canada eliminated duties on about 99.9% of Korean exports (Canada.ca, 2014 release). That was the forecast at signing. Check the current Canadian tariff for your product.

Practical routes

Goal Where to start Guide
Buy from a Canadian company Check the company, sign a contract with a named arbitration seat. Working with Canadian companies
Hire a Canadian freelancer Contract rules and tax status. Hire a Canadian freelancer or contractor
Hire an employee in Canada Payroll, EOR, tax. Hire a Canadian employee from abroad
Open a Canadian subsidiary or branch Federal and provincial incorporation. Set up a Canadian subsidiary or branch
Sell into Canada GST/HST and customs. GST/HST for foreign businesses selling in Canada, Import goods into Canada
Send staff Work permits. Bring a worker to Canada
Quebec French-language rules. Doing business in Quebec

Supports on the Korean side

  • Invest Korea (KOTRA) lists foreign-investment notification and company establishment help for foreigners. These pages are written for people investing in Korea, so use them for Korea-side contacts rather than Canada-side advice.
  • Koreans aged 18 to 35 can apply for Canada's International Experience Canada program under the Youth Mobility Arrangement, up to three streams (Global Affairs Canada). Check the current IEC rules, quotas and dates on the IRCC site, which was not opened for this guide.
  • Check the Canadian import and consumer-product rules in Import goods into Canada before you ship.

13. Checklist

  • Confirm your product's Korean tariff line and its CKFTA duty and phase-out date.
  • Ask your customs broker which origin proof your Korean importer needs.
  • Find out if your product needs KC safety certification and which stage applies.
  • Check whether Korean VAT simplified registration applies to your digital service.
  • Decide between selling from Canada, a liaison office, a branch or a subsidiary.
  • Count days and activities in Korea to avoid an unplanned PE.
  • Add withholding-tax and treaty-benefit paperwork to invoicing.
  • Write an arbitration clause with a named seat (for example Seoul) and language.
  • Check whether PIPA applies to the personal data you handle.
  • Confirm K-ETA and entry rules before each trip (current exemption ends 2026-12-31).
  • Contact the Trade Commissioner Service in Seoul and ask about funding such as CanExport.
  • Prepare Korean-language materials and a Korean-speaking local contact.

What to ask a lawyer

  • Which governing law and forum should apply, and is a KCAB International clause enforceable against this counterparty?
  • Does PIPA apply to us, and do we need a Korean domestic representative?
  • Do we need a Korean entity for our distribution or agency arrangement?

What to ask an accountant

  • Do we create a PE in Korea through staff travel or an agent?
  • Is each payment a royalty or business profit, and which treaty rate applies?
  • Must we register for Korean VAT, and how do we handle B2B reverse charge?
  • How do we claim a foreign tax credit in Canada on Korean withholding?

What to ask a customs broker

  • What is the Korean HS line and CKFTA duty for the product today?
  • What origin documents does Korean customs require, and who files them?
  • Does the product need KC certification before import?

14. What this guide did not verify

  • Currency, language and time zone were stated without a source.
  • The CKFTA entry-into-force date beyond "2015", the services and temporary-entry chapters, and the origin-proof format.
  • Treaty entry-into-force date, later protocols, and any services-PE clause in Article 5.
  • Korean corporate income tax rates, transfer pricing, incentives and the Canadian-side treatment of Korean income (foreign tax credits, GST/HST zero-rating).
  • B2B VAT mechanics (the two secondary sources differ), registration deadlines from the NTS itself, and penalty figures.
  • Korean contract-law points, enforcement of Canadian court judgments in Korea, and the default seat under the KCAB rules.
  • PIPA thresholds for a domestic representative.
  • KC mark scope, lists of covered products, and foreign-manufacturer rules.
  • Foreign-exchange rules, won convertibility, and payment practice.
  • Korean work-visa categories, business-visitor rules, passport validity, and working-holiday quotas and fees for Canadians.
  • CanExport amounts and intake.
  • Business-culture norms (etiquette, negotiation, decision-making).
  • Bilateral chambers and Korean firms with Canada desks: the Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Korea site and the Embassy of Korea in Canada's main page could not be opened (rate-limited), and KOTRA's Canadian offices were not confirmed, so they are not listed in the experts directory.

15. Sources opened

Research, not advice. Rules change and depend on your facts: confirm with a qualified Canadian professional before you act. Items we could not verify are labelled in the text.

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