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Selling to Switzerland from Canada: trade agreement, tax, VAT, customs and people rules

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Last reviewed 2026-10-20

First edition, partly verified. Every rule here links to the source we opened, and what we could not confirm is listed in the “not verified” section near the end. An independent legal and tax review is still to come: treat this as a research starting point.

This guide is for Canadian owners who want to sell goods or services to Swiss buyers, and for people in Switzerland who want to buy from or hire Canadians. It uses primary sources: Swiss federal agencies (Federal Tax Administration, customs office, State Secretariat for Migration, SECO), the Canada-EFTA agreement pages, Finance Canada's treaty texts and the Trade Commissioner Service. Several topics could not be confirmed from a primary source when this edition was written. They are listed in section 14 and marked "not verified" in the text. Treat those as questions for your adviser, not as answers.

Related guides: Selling to the United States from Canada, Selling to Germany from Canada, Diversify beyond the US, Export goods from Canada, Get paid from abroad: FX and payments, Working with Canadian companies.

1. At a glance

Item What the sources say Source
Canada's goods trade with Switzerland, 2025 Exports to Switzerland: C$2.6 billion (C$6.2 billion in 2024, down 58.7%). Imports from Switzerland: C$10.3 billion (C$8.1 billion in 2024, up 28.3%). Global Affairs Canada, Highlights of Canada's merchandise trade performance, 2025 Update
Gold caveat Both swings are attributed to gold volumes. The report says variation in gold volumes "is quite common as gold is both a commodity and a financial asset". Read these totals with that in mind. Same report
Trade agreement Canada-EFTA Free Trade Agreement, signed in Davos on 26 January 2008, in force since 1 July 2009. Switzerland is one of four EFTA states (with Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway). EFTA: Canada
Agreement status today In force. The fifth Joint Committee met by videoconference on 28 May 2026 and discussed prospects for modernising the agreement, "including its possible scope and next steps". The EFTA news item does not say that formal negotiations have started. EFTA news, 29 May 2026
Income tax treaty Canada-Switzerland convention of 1997, amended by a protocol signed in Berne on 22 October 2010. Finance Canada, consolidated text, Protocol
Currency Swiss franc (CHF). Swiss tax thresholds are stated in CHF. FTA, foreign companies
Languages, time zone Not verified in this edition. See section 14.
Canadian government presence Embassy of Canada and Trade Commissioner Service in Bern (Kirchenfeldstrasse 88). It serves Switzerland and Liechtenstein. The page lists no Canadian office in Zurich or Geneva. Canada's Permanent Mission is in Geneva. Trade Commissioner Service, Embassy of Canada

2. Where Canadians win (evidence only)

The evidence found is thin, and this guide does not rank markets or sectors.

  • The Trade Commissioner Service lists "agriculture and processed foods" and "life sciences" as top industries for Switzerland. It also publishes reports or snapshots on artificial intelligence, information and communications technologies, fintech, cleantech and cybersecurity, dated between January 2023 and July 2025. Check each report's date before relying on it. Source: Trade Commissioner Service.
  • The government of Canada lists trade events there, including health.tech Global Summit in Basel (2 to 4 March 2027; Canadian registration window open until 30 October 2026) and ENLIT Europe 2026 (Vienna and Zurich, 9 to 13 November 2026; registration closed). Same source.
  • The headline trade totals above are dominated by gold, so they do not show what ordinary Canadian exporters sell. A breakdown of non-gold Canadian exports to Switzerland was not obtained for this edition (section 14).
  • Industrial goods now enter Switzerland free of customs duty for everyone, not only for Canadians (section 6). That narrows the tariff advantage the free trade agreement gives you on industrial goods.

For tools to find buyers, see Find buyers: trade shows and trade missions.

3. Services versus goods; local entity; permanent establishment

Goods

  • You can sell goods to a Swiss customer from Canada with no Swiss entity. The Swiss importer, or you if you act as importer, deals with customs and import VAT (section 6).
  • If you want to be the VAT-registered seller in Switzerland, the foreign-company VAT rules in section 4 apply.

Services

  • Services performed from Canada for a Swiss client, with no presence in Switzerland, are the simplest case. The treaty's independent-services and business-profits articles are the starting point (section 4).
  • Sending your people to work on site raises three separate questions: immigration (section 8), a possible permanent establishment (PE) in Switzerland, and Swiss VAT.

Permanent establishment under the treaty

The Finance Canada consolidated text of the treaty says:

  • Art. 5(1): a PE is "a fixed place of business through which the business of the enterprise is wholly or partly carried on".
  • Art. 5(3): a building site or project is a PE "only if it lasts for more than twelve months".
  • Art. 5(5): a dependent agent who has and habitually exercises authority to conclude contracts in your name can create a PE, subject to listed exceptions.
  • A reading of the consolidated Article 5 found no separate "services PE" rule (unlike some other Canadian treaties). Confirm that with your adviser against the full text.
  • Art. 7: Swiss tax on your business profits is limited to what is attributable to the PE.
  • Art. 14: income from independent activities is taxable only in the state of residence unless you have a "fixed base regularly available" in the other state.

Source for all five: Finance Canada consolidated text. It is an unofficial reference version.

Local entity or branch

The legal forms (AG, GmbH, branch), minimum capital, commercial-register steps and cantonal differences were not confirmed from a primary source in this edition (section 14). One verified point: under Art. 10(7) of the treaty as amended, Canada may apply an additional branch-type tax on a company's Canadian PE earnings, capped at 5%. See Protocol text, SI/2012-17. For the Canadian-side mirror image, see Set up a Canadian subsidiary or branch.

What to ask a lawyer or accountant

  • Do my planned Swiss activities create a PE or a fixed base under the treaty?
  • Is a Swiss entity or a branch better for my sector, and what are the minimum capital and register steps today?
  • Which canton fits my business, and how do its taxes differ from the federal ones?

4. Tax

Treaty rates on payments from Switzerland to a Canadian resident

Payment Treaty rule Source
Dividends 5% if the beneficial owner is a company holding at least 10% of the voting stock and capital of the payer. 15% in all other cases. Some pension funds and central banks are exempt, with conditions. Protocol text, Art. 10
Interest General cap of 10%. No tax at source on interest paid to an unrelated resident of the other state. Interest on loans backed by Export Development Canada or the Swiss Export Risk Insurance is taxable only in the recipient's state. Finance Canada consolidated text, Art. 11
Royalties General cap of 10%. Copyright royalties for literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, computer software royalties and certain patent or know-how royalties are taxable only in the beneficial owner's state. Same text, Art. 12
Employment income Taxable in the state of residence unless the work is done in the other state. Source-state tax is excluded if you are present 183 days or fewer in the fiscal year, the employer is not resident there, and the pay is not borne by a PE or fixed base there. All three conditions are required. Same text, Art. 15

A secondary treaty table (PwC) also lists these four headline rates for Switzerland-Canada and notes that relief is generally given by refund. It states that the domestic Swiss withholding tax rate is 35% and it does not replace a review of the treaty in force. See PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries.

Swiss withholding tax

The Swiss government's portal states that withholding tax is 35% on income from capital (including dividends and bank interest) and lottery winnings, 15% on annuities and pensions, and 8% on other insurance benefits. Source: ch.ch, withholding tax. The page describes the refund route for Swiss residents. The refund or reduced-rate procedure for a Canadian recipient was not verified; ask your adviser.

Ordinary service fees are not among the categories listed on the ch.ch page. Whether any Swiss withholding applies to your fees was not verified; confirm with your adviser before signing.

Swiss VAT (MWST / TVA / IVA)

Item Rule Source
Rates (checked 2026-10-20) Standard 8.1%, reduced 2.6% (most foodstuffs, books, medications), special 3.8% (overnight accommodation with breakfast). The page records a reduced-rate change for menstrual hygiene products from 1 January 2025 and notes no 2026 rate change. FTA, VAT rates
Registration threshold for foreign companies Liable if worldwide annual turnover from taxable or zero-rated supplies reaches CHF 100,000 and the company supplies goods or services in Switzerland. Measured on worldwide turnover, not Swiss turnover. Effective 1 January 2018. FTA, foreign companies
Who is not liable Companies abroad whose only Swiss supplies are tax-exempt or are services subject to the reverse charge. Same page
Tax representative A foreign taxable person with no domicile or place of business in Switzerland must appoint a representative who has one. Online registration is not possible without one. Same page
Deadline Register with the FTA within 30 days of becoming liable. Same page
Security The page says the FTA generally no longer requires security from foreign businesses at registration. An older FTA information sheet described security of 3% of expected taxable domestic turnover (minimum CHF 2,000, maximum CHF 250,000) from 1 August 2017. Use the current page, not the older sheet. Same page; older FTA info sheet
Low-value goods The older FTA sheet states that a foreign company supplying low-value goods to Swiss customers is liable once those sales reach CHF 100,000 a year (from 1 January 2019). Check the current rule before relying on it. Older FTA info sheet

The FTA page points to its VAT Info 22 (foreign businesses, 25 February 2026) and to MWST-Info 06 on place of service provision, which is where the rules for B2B and B2C services from abroad sit. MWST-Info 06 was not opened (section 14).

Cantonal and communal taxes

Switzerland taxes profit at federal, cantonal and communal level, and rates vary by canton. This was not confirmed from a primary source in this edition. Ask for a canton-by-canton comparison if you plan a Swiss entity.

The Canadian side

How Canada taxes your Swiss-source income, foreign tax credits for Swiss tax paid, and GST/HST treatment of exports were not verified for this edition. Start with Export goods from Canada and your CPA.

What to ask an accountant

  • At what point do my Swiss sales or on-site days create Swiss VAT or PE exposure?
  • Do I need a Swiss tax representative, and who pays for it?
  • How do I claim treaty relief on Swiss withholding tax, and what documents does the Swiss payer need?
  • How do I claim a credit in Canada for Swiss tax paid?
  • Governing law. Swiss law is the usual default for Swiss counterparties. The Swiss Code of Obligations governs contracts in general, but the Fedlex page could not be read in this edition (it needs a JavaScript browser), so no article is cited. Ask a Swiss-qualified lawyer about warranty, liability limits and limitation periods.
  • Choice of law and forum. Whether to choose Canadian law, Swiss law or arbitration is a negotiation point. Enforcement of Canadian judgments in Switzerland and Swiss judgments in Canada was not verified.
  • Privacy. The Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner's site says the private sector and federal authorities "have to adapt their processing of personal data to the new provisions" of the revised Federal Act on Data Protection (FADP). The page itself gives no in-force date, no rules for foreign companies and no list of adequate countries. Those details were not verified. Source: FDPIC, data protection. For the Canadian rules, see Privacy and data rules for Canada.
  • Language of contracts. Which language governs, and the need for translations, were not verified. Pick one governing language and say so in the contract.
  • IP. See Protect your IP in Canada and abroad.

What to ask a lawyer

  • Which governing law and forum protect me, and can I enforce a judgment or award against this buyer?
  • What does the revised FADP require of me if I handle Swiss residents' personal data from Canada?
  • How are warranty and liability limits treated under Swiss law for my product or service?

6. Customs, origin, standards

Customs duties

  • Switzerland abolished customs duties on industrial products on 1 January 2024. The Federal Council's release states that "imports of industrial products to Switzerland are exempt from customs duties". The release does not discuss agricultural goods. Source: Swiss federal government media release.
  • Customs is handled by the Federal Office for Customs and Border Security (FOCBS), Taubenstrasse 16, 3003 Berne. Its home page links to company information, customs office lists and rules on goods movement. Source: FOCBS.
  • Import VAT applies to goods entering Switzerland (the FOCBS page shows the 8.1% standard and 2.6% reduced rates in a traveller example). The business import procedure itself was not opened.

The Canada-EFTA agreement

  • The agreement covers trade in industrial products, fish and marine products, and processed agricultural products. Basic agricultural products are covered by separate bilateral agreements between Canada and each of Iceland, Norway and Switzerland (which also represents Liechtenstein). Source: EFTA: Canada.
  • Global Affairs Canada describes it as a goods agreement with "an emphasis on tariff elimination" and says services are not currently covered, with a commitment to review it and consider expansion into areas such as services. Source: Global Affairs Canada. The EFTA page says its services and investment provisions state that the parties will work toward further liberalisation. Read the text for exact wording: agreement (English).
  • Rules of origin sit in Annex C, which the agreement describes as a hybrid of the Canadian and EFTA approaches. Product-specific rules are in Annex C, Appendix I.

Proving origin

  • The Swiss SME portal says a movement certificate (EUR 1) is not provided for under the Canada-EFTA agreement. Origin is claimed by a declaration on the invoice, and no value limit applies under the Canada agreement. Records must be kept "three years or more". Source: Swiss SME portal, proof of origin.
  • Do not assume a good qualifies. Check the product-specific rule and keep supplier evidence. For the Canadian side, see Export goods from Canada.

Standards and conformity assessment

  • The Swiss-EU Mutual Recognition Agreement has applied since 1 June 2002 and covers sectors such as machinery, medical devices, electrical equipment and construction products. Source: SECO, MRA Switzerland-EU.
  • The SECO page says that for covered products an assessment by a Swiss-recognised body "applies irrespective of their origin" and that responsibility for CE marking lies with the manufacturer or its authorised representative. It does not say what that means for a Canadian manufacturer selling directly. Whether Canadian-made products and Canadian test results benefit from the MRA was not verified. Ask a conformity-assessment body before shipping regulated products.

What to ask a customs broker

  • Is my product classified for duty-free entry, or does it fall under an agricultural rule?
  • Does the invoice declaration cover my goods, and what must it say?
  • Who is the importer of record and who pays import VAT?
  • Do I need a Swiss authorised representative or conformity assessment for my product type?

7. Getting paid and FX

Nothing about Swiss payment practice, typical payment terms, bank-account requirements for non-residents or the Swiss franc exchange arrangements was verified from a primary source. The tax points in section 4 still matter to your invoices (VAT line, withholding). Plan around these generic steps:

8. People and visas

Canadians travelling to Switzerland

  • The Government of Canada says tourist, business and student visits of up to 90 days in any 180-day period do not require a visa for Canadian citizens. Stays are cumulative across the Schengen area. A work visa is required for work. The page does not say where business ends and work begins, so confirm with the Swiss embassy or consulate in Canada. Passports must be valid at least three months beyond departure. The EU travel authorisation (ETIAS) was described as not yet open. Source: Travel.gc.ca, Switzerland. The Embassy of Switzerland is in Ottawa and the Consulate General in Montreal, per the Swiss Canadian Chamber (Ontario).

Working in Switzerland (third-country nationals)

  • The State Secretariat for Migration (SEM) says work is permitted only for "highly qualified" persons, typically a university or higher-education degree plus several years of experience. Longer stays add criteria on professional and social adaptability, language skills and age. The employer must show that no suitable candidate is available in Switzerland or the EU/EFTA, and pay and conditions must match local norms. Source: SEM, admission of non-EU/EFTA nationals.
  • SEM states that third-country quotas were kept unchanged for 2026 (announced November 2025). The quota numbers were not obtained.

Hiring Canadians from Switzerland

Canadian immigration is not needed if the person works from Canada. See Hire a Canadian employee from abroad and Hire a Canadian freelancer or contractor. To bring a worker to Canada, see Bring a worker to Canada.

9. Business practice

Regional language cultures, meeting etiquette, decision speed and the role of cantons were not verified from a primary source, so this edition does not make claims about them. Two practical points follow from sources opened here:

  • The Canadian and Swiss-side chambers (section 10) run networking events and are one route to introductions. The Zurich chamber lists events in Geneva and Zurich in 2026.
  • Ask each Swiss counterparty which language it works in and which language the contract should use, rather than assuming.

10. Funding and support

Support What it does Source
Trade Commissioner Service, Bern Market reports, events and advisory for Canadian companies. TCS page
CanExport Listed on the same page as funding for Canadian exporters. Eligibility and amounts were not verified. Same page
Export Development Canada The treaty exempts source-country tax on interest on EDC-backed loans (Art. 11(3)). Product details were not verified. Treaty text
Canadian-Swiss Chamber of Commerce (Zurich) Non-profit; networking events; over 125 members. canswiss.ch
Swiss Canadian Chamber of Commerce (Ontario) Non-profit in Toronto; events; founded 1966. swissbiz.ca
Swiss Canadian Chamber of Commerce (BC and AB) Western Canada networking and member directory. swisscanadianchamber.com
Quebec chamber Listed by the Swiss embassy as the Quebec-focused chamber. Its own site could not be opened. Swiss embassy chamber list

See Export funding and financing map.

11. Risks

  • Sanctions and export controls. The Trade Commissioner Service page lists sanctions, export and import controls and responsible business conduct abroad under regulations for Switzerland. Swiss sanctions practice (SECO) was not opened. Screen customers against both Canadian and Swiss lists.
  • Banking. Swiss banking access, due-diligence rules and payment delays were not verified.
  • Gold-driven trade statistics. Do not size a market from headline totals (section 1).
  • Contract and credit risk. See Insurance, credit and payment risk for exporters.

12. If you are in Switzerland and want to work with Canadians

  • Buying goods from Canada. The Canada-EFTA agreement lets Swiss exporters sell into Canada with the same origin logic, using invoice declarations. The Swiss embassy page says the agreement has facilitated trade "since 2009" and links to a February 2026 report "Opportunities for Swiss Business". See Swiss embassy, FTA page. For the Canadian import rules, see Import goods into Canada.
  • Hiring Canadians. Under the treaty, employment income is generally taxed where the work is done, and an independent professional is taxable only in their home state unless they have a fixed base in the other state (section 4). Social-security and employment-law rules were not verified. See Working with Canadian companies.
  • Selling into Canada. Swiss companies selling in Canada may need to register for GST/HST. See GST/HST for foreign businesses selling in Canada, Doing business in Quebec: French-language rules and Set up a Canadian subsidiary or branch.
  • Support in Switzerland. Switzerland Global Enterprise describes itself as the official export and investment promotion organisation, commissioned by the Confederation and the cantons. Its site offers export consulting for Swiss companies in 130 markets. No Canada-specific contact was found on the page opened. See S-GE. The chambers in section 10 also welcome Swiss members.

13. Checklist

  • Confirm what you sell: goods, services, software or a mix.
  • Check whether your goods are industrial (duty-free since 1 January 2024) or agricultural (check the tariff and the bilateral agreement).
  • Check preferential origin under the Canada-EFTA agreement and keep supplier evidence for the invoice declaration.
  • Add the origin declaration wording to your invoices if you claim preference.
  • Decide who is importer of record and who pays Swiss import VAT.
  • Test your worldwide turnover against the CHF 100,000 VAT threshold, and decide whether you need a Swiss tax representative.
  • Review PE and fixed-base risk before sending staff to Switzerland.
  • Confirm visa and work-permit status for every person you send (90 days in 180 for visits, no work without a permit).
  • Choose governing law, forum and contract language with a lawyer.
  • Review the revised FADP if you will handle Swiss personal data.
  • Decide invoice currency (CAD or CHF) and your FX plan.
  • Screen customers against Canadian and Swiss sanctions lists.

14. What this guide did not verify

These items were not confirmed from a primary source when this edition was written. Do not rely on them.

  • Official languages, time zone and cultural or business-practice points (section 9).
  • Legal forms, minimum capital, commercial-register steps and cantonal tax rates and procedures (sections 3 and 4).
  • Federal direct tax rate for companies.
  • Swiss Code of Obligations articles, governing law defaults, enforcement of Canadian judgments or awards.
  • The revised FADP: in-force date, extra-territorial scope, representative duty, cross-border transfer rules, and any Swiss list of adequate countries.
  • Place-of-supply rules for services from abroad (MWST-Info 06) and VAT Info 22.
  • Whether the low-value goods threshold (CHF 100,000, from the older FTA sheet) is still current.
  • Refund procedure for Swiss withholding tax for a Canadian recipient.
  • The exact date the 2010 protocol entered into force.
  • How Canada taxes the Swiss income of a Canadian business, foreign tax credits and GST/HST on exports.
  • Agricultural tariffs and the bilateral Canada-Switzerland agricultural agreement.
  • The breakdown of Canada-Switzerland trade excluding gold.
  • Whether the Swiss-EU MRA benefits Canadian manufacturers.
  • Swiss work permit quota numbers for 2026.
  • Swiss payment practice, bank access, sanctions practice (SECO) and money-laundering due diligence.
  • CanExport and EDC eligibility and amounts.
  • The Quebec Swiss-Canadian chamber's own site (could not be opened).
  • Law firms and advisers in Switzerland with a Canada desk: sites for several large Zurich firms were opened and none mentioned Canada, so none is listed.

15. Sources opened

Research, not advice. Rules change and depend on your facts: confirm with a qualified Canadian professional before you act. Items we could not verify are labelled in the text.

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